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Topic Review
Physiological Effects of Covid-19 and Exercise
The world has been severely challenged by the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) outbreak since the early 2020s. Worldwide, there have been more than 66 million cases of infection and over 3,880,450 million deaths caused by this highly contagious disease. All sections of the population including those who are affected, who are not affected and those who have recovered from this disease are suffering physiologically. Physiological effects of COVID-19 may be managed by exercise management as a prevention strategy. Moderate exercise including walking, yoga, and tai-chi to name but a few exercise regimes are critical in preventing COVID-19 and its complications.  
  • 546
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Physical Therapy intervene Critically-Ill COVID-19
As part of COVID-19 consequences, it has been estimated that 5% of patients affected by this dis-ease will require admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and physical therapy techniques have been implemented in patients with other conditions admitted to ICU.
  • 430
  • 02 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Physical Exercise in NAFLD
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major health problem, and its prevalence has increased in recent years. Diet and exercise interventions are the first-line treatment options. The goal is to understand the complex pathophysiology underlying exercise interventions with the potential to prevent and treat NAFLD.
  • 949
  • 26 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Physical Exercise and the Hallmarks of Breast Cancer
Growing evidence suggests that, among the different molecular/cellular pathophysiological mechanisms associated with cancer, there are 14 hallmarks that play a major role, including: (i) sustaining proliferative signaling, (ii) evading growth suppressors, (iii) activating invasion and metastasis, (iv) enabling replicative immortality, (v) inducing angiogenesis, (vi) resisting cell death, (vii) reprogramming energy metabolism, (viii) evading immune destruction, (ix) genome instability and mutations, (x) tumor-promoting inflammation, (xi) unlocking phenotypic plasticity, (xii) nonmutational epigenetic reprogramming, (xiii) polymorphic microbiomes, and (xiv) senescent cells. These hallmarks are also associated with the development of breast cancer, which represents the most prevalent tumor type in the world. For the first time, the effects of physical activity/exercise on these hallmarks are described. In summary, an active lifestyle, and particularly regular physical exercise, provides beneficial effects on all major hallmarks associated with breast cancer, and might therefore help to counteract the progression of the disease or its associated burden.
  • 808
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Physical Exercise and Saliva Composition
Salivary glands are exocrine organs that produce a large amount of fluid. Through the saliva, electrolytes and other substances are transferred from the inner of the glands to the oral cavity. The mean volume of the fluid is estimated to be 750 mL/day, which almost represents 20% of the overall plasma volume. Apart from the major salivary glands (2–5 mL/min), saliva is also secreted by several minor glands at a rate of 0.5 mL/min.
  • 481
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Physical and Mental Health Impacts of Nitrogen Oxide
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are gaseous pollutants contributing to pollution in their primary form and are also involved in reactions forming ground-level ozone and fine particulate matter. Thus, NOx is of great interest for targeted pollution reduction because of this cascade effect. To achieve a holistic understanding of the correlation between NOx and human health, both the physical and mental health implications must be accounted for. The following content is intended to be illustrative in nature, and not exhaustive of all research conducted in the field. 
  • 661
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Physical and Chemical Restraint
A consensus definition of physical restraint describes it as "any action or procedure that prevents a person’s free body movement to a position of choice and/or normal access to his/her body by the use of any method, attached or adjacent to a person’s body that he/she cannot control or remove easily." (Bleijleves, Gulpers, Cpezuti, et. al., 2013). Definitions for chemical restraints in long-term care have included ‘medication classes’, e.g. psychotropics, hypnotics, etc. however, without a consensus definition of which drug classes are considered to be chemical restraint, there is no consistency. 
  • 409
  • 23 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior and Wrist Accelerometer
The switch from hip-placed to wrist-worn accelerometers has signaled the focus on developing novel approaches to process raw acceleration data without overly relying on traditional cut points. Indeed, wrist-worn raw acceleration data have been increasingly utilized to capture individuals’ physical behavior patterns. Several traditional methods and cut points have been developed to deal with raw wrist acceleration data, yet they appear to either overestimate or underestimate the outcomes.
  • 1.0K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Physical Activity, Diet, Gut Microbiota
The human gut microbiota has been defined as the entire collection of microbes (bacteria, archaea, eukarya, and viruses) living as a complex ecosystem in our gastrointestinal tract, coevolved with humankind. Diet have a fundamental role in determining gut microbiota composition and diversity. 
  • 499
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Physical Activity Measurement Methodologies
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a preventable threat to livelihood and longevity in the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and insufficient physical activity (PA) is a primary cause of NCDs.
  • 382
  • 04 Jun 2021
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