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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Specific Foods and Cancer Mortality
Many cancers are associated with poor diet, lack of physical activity, and excess weight. Improving any of these three lifestyle factors would likely reduce cancer deaths. 
  • 224
  • 11 May 2023
Topic Review
Specialists’ Dual Practice within Public Hospital Setting
In line with the commitment of the Malaysian government and Ministry of Health (MOH) to prevent the brain drain of specialists from public hospitals, they have been permitted to perform dual practice within the public hospital setting (DPH) since 2007. DPH allowed them to hold jobs in both public and private practices within the same public hospitals that they are affiliated to, permitting these specialists to treat public and private patients. Nevertheless, the information regarding DPH in Southeast Asia region is still limited. In Malaysia, public specialists are allowed to perform DPH, which is also known as Full Paying Patient (FPP) Service. FPP Service as DPH has been well-governed and regulated by the MOH while serving as a means to retain specialists in the public healthcare system by providing them with opportunities to obtain additional income. Such a policy has also reduced the financial burden of the government in subsidizing healthcare.
  • 573
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Spaceflight Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS)
Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) is a unique neuro-ophthalmic phenomenon that has been observed in astronauts who have undergone long-duration spaceflight. The syndrome is characterized by distinct imaging and clinical findings including optic disc edema, hyperopic refractive shift, posterior globe flattening, and choroidal folds. SANS serves a large barrier to planetary spaceflight such as a mission to Mars and has been noted by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as a high risk based on its likelihood to occur and its severity to human health and mission performance. While it is a large barrier to future spaceflight, the underlying etiology of SANS is not well understood. However, several well-developed hypotheses have been proposed and countermeasures have been developed.
  • 354
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sources of Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Edible Oil
Given the heightened awareness of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) globally, it is especially critical to identify the sources of PFAS pollution in edible oils. Having a thorough knowledge of the causes of PFAS pollution in edible oils can assist in precisely pinpointing the sources of contamination and taking the necessary steps to decrease PFAS contamination and thereby safeguard human health. By recognising the sources of contamination, it is possible to enhance the effectiveness of pollution control, avoid superfluous investments, save resources, and advance sustainable environmental progress.
  • 217
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Source of Discomfort in Police Officers
The importance of improving working conditions for the health and psychological health of police officers creates added value in terms of organizational performance and the quality of life of those in the organization. Protecting the psychological health of police officers could have a positive impact not only on the private lives of employees but also on the quality of the relations between police officers and the users of police services, which, in turn, may lead to an improvement in the services offered to citizens. It is therefore desirable that all police organizations become aware of the importance of psychosocial risk assessment for not only the protection of police officers’ health but also for the optimization of their responses to citizens’ requests.
  • 312
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Sound Vibration on Human Health
This entry presents a narrative review of research literature to “map the landscape” of the mechanisms of the effect of sound vibration on humans including the physiological, neurological, and biochemical. It begins by narrowing music to sound and sound to vibration. The focus is on low frequency sound (up to 250 Hz) including infrasound (1–16 Hz). Types of application are described and include whole body vibration, vibroacoustics, and focal applications of vibration. Literature on mechanisms of response to vibration is categorized into hemodynamic, neurological, and musculoskeletal. Basic mechanisms of hemodynamic effects including stimulation of endothelial cells and vibropercussion; of neurological effects including protein kinases activation, nerve stimulation with a specific look at vibratory analgesia, and oscillatory coherence; of musculoskeletal effects including muscle stretch reflex, bone cell progenitor fate, vibration effects on bone ossification and resorption, and anabolic effects on spine and intervertebral discs. In every category research on clinical applications are described. The conclusion points to the complexity of the field of vibrational medicine and calls for specific comparative research on type of vibration delivery, amount of body or surface being stimulated, effect of specific frequencies and intensities to specific mechanisms, and to greater interdisciplinary cooperation and focus. 
  • 2.3K
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Solastalgia Experiences in Australia
Solastalgia is a term used to describe the pain and distress experienced by those witnessing their home environments destroyed or changed in unwelcome ways. Place-based distress is expected to become more prominent as climate change worsens and transforms landscapes. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples are particularly considered at risk due to intimate connections to home environments and distressing experiences of damaging changes to landscapes and home environments since invasion and ongoing colonisation.
  • 374
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Soft Tissue Sarcomas Margin Assessment
Many classifications to assess margins status for soft tissue sarcomas are reported in the literature. Most of the series are heterogeneous and variable in size, making it difficult to compare results from study to study. 
  • 387
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Sodium Intake and Heart Failure
Sodium is an essential mineral and nutrient used in dietary practices across the world and is important to maintain proper blood volume and blood pressure. A high sodium diet is associated with increased expression of β—myosin heavy chain, decreased expression of α/β—myosin heavy chain, increased myocyte enhancer factor 2/nuclear factor of activated T cell transcriptional activity, and increased salt-inducible kinase 1 expression, which leads to alteration in myocardial mechanical performance. A high sodium diet is also associated with alterations in various proteins responsible for calcium homeostasis and myocardial contractility. Excessive sodium intake is associated with the development of a variety of comorbidities including hypertension, chronic kidney disease, stroke, and cardiovascular diseases.
  • 499
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Sodium Chloride, Migraine and Salt Withdrawal
Salt (sodium chloride) meets the criteria for the diagnosis of substance dependence, including withdrawal in which the substance is used to relieve withdrawal symptoms. The premonitory symptoms of migraine include food cravings for salty foods, which can alleviate migraine pain. Edema, possibly related to large amounts of salt consumed in binge eating, can cause approximately four pounds of retained fluid. This amount of fluid is similar to the fluid retained before the onset of migraine headache, which may be accompanied by polyuria.
  • 225
  • 14 Mar 2024
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