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Topic Review
Stakeholders in Antimicrobial Resistance
The increasing misuse of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine and in agroecosystems and the consequent selective pressure of resistant strains lead to multidrug resistance (AMR), an expanding global phenomenon. This phenomenon represents a major public health target with significant clinical implications related to increased morbidity and mortality and prolonged hospital stays. 
  • 241
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Stability Modelling of mRNA Vaccine Quality
The vaccine distribution chains in several low- and middle-income countries are not adequate to facilitate the rapid delivery of high volumes of thermosensitive COVID-19 mRNA vaccines at the required low and ultra-low temperatures. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are currently distributed along with temperature monitoring devices to track and identify deviations from predefined conditions throughout the distribution chain. These temperature readings can feed into computational models to quantify mRNA vaccine critical quality attributes (CQAs) and the remaining vaccine shelf life more accurately. Here, a kinetic modelling approach is proposed to quantify the stability-related CQAs and the remaining shelf life of mRNA vaccines. The CQA and shelf-life values can be computed based on the conditions under which the vaccines have been distributed from the manufacturing facilities via the distribution network to the vaccination centres.
  • 450
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Sprouts and Microgreens for Healthy Diets
Healthy diets prevent diet-related non-communicable diseases; they provide nutrients and health-promoting substances from nutritious foods in adequate amounts. With society's growing interest in healthy eating, the interest in fresh, ready-to-eat, functional food, such as microscale vegetables (sprouted seeds and microgreens), has been on the rise in recent years globally. This entry briefly describes the crops commonly used for microscale vegetable production, highlights Brassica vegetables because of their health-promoting secondary metabolites and looks at consumer acceptance of sprouts and microgreens. Landraces, wild food plants, and crops' wild relatives often have high phytonutrient density and exciting flavours and tastes, thus providing scope to widen the range of crops and species used for this purpose. Moreover, the nutritional value and content of phytochemicals often vary with plant growth and development stages of the same crop. Sprouted seeds and microgreens are often more nutrient-dense than ungerminated seeds or mature vegetables. This entry also describes the environmental and priming factors that may impact the nutritional value and content of phytochemicals of microscale vegetables. Due to their short growth cycle, nutrient-dense sprouts and microgreens can be produced with minimal input and without pesticides. They can even be home-grown and harvested as needed, hence having low environmental impacts and a broad acceptance among health-conscious consumers.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sports Involvement on Body Image Perception and Ideals
Concerns about body image may affect athletes, mainly because of specific sports models to achieve successful performance.
  • 297
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Sporting Activities Management of the Sickle Cell Trait
The number of individuals with the sickle cell trait exceeds 300 million worldwide, making sickle cell disease one of the most common monogenetic diseases globally. Because of the high frequency of sickle cell disease, reproductive counseling is of crucial importance. In addition, unlike other carrier states, Sickle Cell Trait (SCT) seems to be a risk factor for several clinical complications, such as extreme exertional injury, chronic kidney disease, and complications during pregnancy and surgery.
  • 305
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sport in the School Environment
With regard to school-related physical activities, extended educational sports activities become more important in all-day schools. These activities include supervised sports classes after lessons, unsupervised opportunities during lunchtime, and free physical activities during recess, as well as before and after lessons. 
  • 964
  • 25 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Spontaneous Osteonecrosis of the Knee
Osteonecrosis is a terrible condition that can cause advanced arthritis in a number of joints, including the knee. The three types of osteonecrosis that can affect the knee are secondary, post-arthroscopic, and spontaneous osteonecrosis of the knee (SPONK). Regardless of osteonecrosis classification, treatment for this condition seeks to prevent further development or postpone the onset of knee end-stage arthritis. Joint arthroplasty is the best course of action whenever there is significant joint surface collapse or there are signs of degenerative arthritis. The non-operative options for treatment at the moment include observation, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs), protective weight bearing, and analgesia if needed. Depending on the severity and type of the condition, operational procedures may include unilateral knee arthroplasty (UKA), total knee arthroplasty (TKA), or joint preservation surgery. Joint preservation techniques, such as arthroscopy, core decompression, osteochondral autograft, and bone grafting, are frequently used in precollapse and some postcollapse lesions, when the articular cartilage is typically unaffected and only the underlying subchondral bone is affected. In contrast, operations that try to save the joint following significant subchondral collapse are rarely successful and joint replacement is required to ease discomfort. 
  • 316
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Spiritual Needs in Post-Secular Contexts
It was found that it can be challenging to incorporate spiritual care in daily practice, not least in post-secular, culturally entwined, and pluralist contexts.
  • 537
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Spermatozoon Effect on Embryo Development
The intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) technique was invented to solve severe male infertility due to altered sperm parameters. It is applied worldwide for the treatment of couple infertility. ICSI is performed with any available spermatozoon from surgery or ejaculated samples, whatever are the sperm motility, morphology or quantity. The causes of male infertility are crucial in building a competent spermatozoa that will contribute to normal embryonic development and healthy offspring.
  • 301
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Spectrum of Bisphenols and Phthalates as Endocrine Disruptors
Excess body weight constitutes one of the major health challenges for societies and healthcare systems worldwide. Besides the type of diet, calorie intake and the lack of physical exercise, data have highlighted a possible association between endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as bisphenol A, phthalates and their analogs, and obesity. EDCs represent a heterogeneous group of chemicals that may influence the hormonal regulation of body mass and adipose tissue morphology.
  • 203
  • 10 Jan 2024
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