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All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Manual Hysteroscopic Tissue Removal Device for Intrauterine Polyps
Endometrial polyps are isolated or multiple focal intrauterine lesions that may manifest as abnormal uterine bleeding and/or infertility. Electromechanical hysteroscopic tissue removal (mHTR) devices have become the mainstay for removing endometrial polyps, however, given startup and procedural costs for these units, lower-cost disposable manual mHTR systems have been developed. The entry describes the collective experience and effectiveness of a disposable manual mHTR device in both operating room and office settings.
  • 368
  • 22 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Dyslexia
Developmental dyslexia is a common complex neurodevelopmental disorder that persists well into adulthood and, thus, could have lifelong detrimental effects. Dyslexia has been defined as “deficient literacy acquisition despite adequate intellectual ability and sufficient educational exposure”.  It can be looked  from latest neuroscientific models.
  • 367
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Epidemiology—TNBC Risk in T2DM Patients
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is usually the most malignant and aggressive mammary epithelial tumor characterized by the lack of expression for estrogen receptors and progesterone receptors, and the absence of epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2 amplification. Corresponding to 15–20% of all breast cancers and well-known by its poor clinical outcome, this negative receptor expression deprives TNBC from targeted therapy and makes its management therapeutically challenging. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common ageing metabolic disorder due to insulin deficiency or resistance resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperlipidemia. Due to metabolic and hormonal imbalances, there are many interplays between both chronic disorders leading to increased risk of breast cancer, especially TNBC, diagnosed in T2DM patients.
  • 367
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Heart Rate Variability
Heart Rate Variability (HRV) describes the variation in the time interval between successive heartbeats. It is generally considered to be the result of an interaction between the heart and the brain, which is also called neuro-cardiac function. HRV is controlled by the autonomic nervous system (ANS), including the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS).
  • 367
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis
The pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the development of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progression to Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis are various and involve pro-inflammatory agents, oxidative stress, apoptosis, adipokines, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-1 activation, increased insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) activity, immunomodulation, and alteration of the gut microbiota.
  • 367
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease
The diagnosis and treatment of patients with mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) pose consistent challenges due to the diverse infection spectrum observed in this population. Common clinical manifestations include Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine (BCG) complications in countries where routine BCG vaccination is practiced, while in non-BCG-vaccinating countries, Non-Tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) is prevalent. In tuberculosis-endemic regions, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has a high prevalence, along with other intracellular organisms.
  • 367
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Racial Disparities and Respiratory Infectious Diseases in USA
In the U.S., racial disparities are present among children, with Hispanic and Black children carrying the burden of infectious respiratory disease occurrence. Several factors are contributory to these outcomes among Hispanic and Black children, including higher rates of poverty; higher rates of chronic conditions, such as asthma and obesity; and seeking care outside of the home. However, vaccinations can be used to reduce the risk of infection among Black and Hispanic children. Whether a child is very young or a teen, racial disparities are present in occurrence rates of infectious respiratory diseases, with the burden resting among minorities. Therefore, it is important for parents to be aware of the risk of infectious diseases and to be aware of resources, such as vaccines.
  • 366
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome after COVID-19 Infection
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) rapidly emerged as a global pandemic, placing imminent stress and burden on healthcare resources and workers worldwide. Many patients who present with a severe COVID-19 infection are at high risk of developing severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), leading to a vast number of patients requiring mechanical ventilation and a high mortality rate. Similar to Middle East respiratory syndrome, COVID-19 demonstrates an initial viral replication phase that manifests as a variety of symptoms typically flu-like in nature, followed by a profound inflammatory response leading to rapid production of cytokines and uncontrolled inflammation. 
  • 366
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Self-Attachment to Treat Chronic Anxiety and/or Depression
Anxiety and depression are debilitating conditions which, together with substance abuse, are considered globally to represent the most common psychological disorders; they are correlated with each other and are also common features of many severe psychological disorders. Attachment theory was introduced by John Bowlby in the 1960s and 1970s and has since developed into a main paradigm in developmental psychology with wide impact in many related areas including psychotherapy.
  • 366
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Screening
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a field of study that attempts to replicate natural human intelligence in machines. The machines can then independently perform activities that would otherwise require human intelligence. AI can be broken down into several subsets, such as machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL). Primary care has the potential to be transformed by artificial intelligence (AI) and, in particular, machine learning (ML). Healthcare professionals can identify diseases at an early and curable stage by using ML models to examine medical pictures, diagnostic modalities, and spot patterns that may suggest disease or anomalies. Before the onset of symptoms, ML can be used to identify people at an increased risk of developing specific disorders or diseases. ML algorithms can assess patient data such as medical history, genetics, and lifestyle factors to identify those at higher risk. This enables targeted interventions such as lifestyle adjustments or early screening. 
  • 366
  • 05 Jun 2023
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