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Topic Review
Public Health Evolution in Liberia
Over the past two centuries since its independence in 1847, Liberia has made significant progress in building an integrated public health system designed to serve its population. Despite a prolonged period of civil conflict (1990–2003) and the emergence of the 2014–2016 Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) that crippled its already weakened health system, Liberia was able to re-emerge, making significant strides and gains in rebuilding and strengthening its health infrastructure and systems. Lessons learnt from the EVD epidemic have led to developments such as the newly established National Public Health Institute of Liberia (NPHIL) and several tertiary public health institutions to meet the growing demands of a skilled workforce equipped to combat existing and emerging health problems and/crisis, including informing the more recent COVID-19 response.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Recurrent and Residual Caries with Resin Composite Restorations
Caries is the most widely prevailing noncommunicable disease, and is a multifactorial process presently considered as biofilm-mediated rather than an infectious disease. According to the ecological plaque hypothesis, caries occurs as a result of an imbalance of oral microflora—normally more than 700 species—leading to an increase in cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli types. The accumulating cariogenic bacteria produce acids such as lactic acid that reduce the local pH, leading first to demineralization and later to the destruction of the organic matrix. Caries progresses when demineralization cycles prevail and remineralization cycles cease. Classically, bacterial proteases are blamed for the proteolytic process taking place because of dental caries. Recently, it has become increasingly evident that activated endogenous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cystine cathepsins of salivary, gingival crevicular fluid and dentinal origin, together with bacterial proteases, share in degrading the dentin matrix of demineralized dentin. This takes place at neutralized pH levels where the buffering effect of saliva takes place, since MMPs operate only in neutral pH values.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Statistical Analysis of Intensive Care Unit COVID-19 Data
COVID-19 caused a pandemic, due to its ease of transmission and high number of infections. The evolution of the pandemic and its consequences for the mortality and morbidity of populations, especially the elderly, generated several scientific studies and many research projects. Among them, researchers have the Predictive Models of COVID-19 Outcomes for Higher Risk Patients Towards a Precision Medicine (PREMO) research project. For such a project with many data records, it is necessary to provide a smooth graphical analysis to extract value from it.
  • 1.2K
  • 10 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Food Neophobia
Food neophobia is the tendency to reject or be reluctant to try new and unfamiliar foods. Due to the period of its occurrence, which falls in the years of early childhood, it can significantly affect the child’s food choices, shape taste preferences, and significantly influence the quality of the child’s diet. 
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Fibre from Whole Grains
The consumption of whole grain products is often related to beneficial effects on consumer health. Dietary fibre is an important component present in whole grains and is believed to be (at least partially) responsible for these health benefits. The dietary fibre composition of whole grains is very distinct over different grains. Whole grains of cereals and pseudo-cereals are rich in both soluble and insoluble functional dietary fibre that can be largely classified as e.g., cellulose, arabinoxylan, β-glucan, xyloglucan and fructan. However, even though the health benefits associated with the consumption of dietary fibre are well known to scientists, producers and consumers, the consumption of dietary fibre and whole grains around the world is substantially lower than the recommended levels. This review will discuss the types of dietary fibre commonly found in cereals and pseudo-cereals, their nutritional significance and health benefits observed in animal and human studies. 
  • 1.2K
  • 08 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Pharmacy Internal Controls
Due to the emergence of COVID-19 and government mitigation strategies, the US economy has seen significant macro- and microeconomic effects. COVID-19 has changed the pharmacy working environment, which could theoretically increase rates of employee drug diversion. Therefore, better inventory management could reduce the misuse of pharmaceutical drugs from fraudulent and drug diversion activities. The author explored secondary findings to create a multidisciplinary conceptual analysis of the reasons why internal controls executed with greater diligence may be needed to avoid damaging financial, legal, and health outcomes.
  • 1.2K
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Basic Components of Osmotic Pump Systems
Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) is a broad term that encompasses many dosage forms, one of which is osmotic pumps. Osmotic pumps are considered to be the most reliable source of controlled drug delivery, both in humans and in animals. These pumps are osmotically controlled and release active agents through osmotic pressure. To a large extent, drug release from such a system is independent of gastric fluids. Based on such unique properties and advantages, osmotic pumps have made their mark on the pharmaceutical industry. 
  • 1.2K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
COVID-19: Evidenced Health Disparity
Health disparity is an unacceptable, unjust, or inequitable difference in health outcomes among different groups of people that affects access to optimal health care, as well as deterring it. Health disparity adversely affects disadvantaged subpopulations due to a higher incidence and prevalence of a particular disease or ill health. Existing health disparity determines whether a disease outbreak such as coronavirus disease 2019, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), will significantly impact a group or a region. Hence, health disparity assessment has become one of the focuses of many agencies, public health practitioners, and other social scientists. Successful elimination of health disparity at all levels requires pragmatic approaches through an intersectionality framework and robust data science.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Child Waste Workers' Health Sufferings in South Asia
Child labor remains a health hazard, affecting the mental, physical, and emotional well-being of children. Children engage in waste management through various channels while constantly working to create a healthier and cleaner environment and exposing themselves to numerous health risks. 
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Plastic Food Packaging: Consumer Perspective
The use of plastics for packaging has some advantages, since they are flexible and inexpensive. However, most plastics are of single use, which, combined with low recycling or reuse ratios, contributes substantially to environmental pollution. This work is part of a project studying the habits of Portuguese citizens concerning plastic food packaging and focuses on aspects related to sustainability. The survey was carried out via an online questionnaire about sustainability, recycling, and knowledge of the effects of plastic materials or their residues on the environment. The results were obtained based on a statistical analysis of the data. The participants tend to think about the negative impact of plastic packages on the environment; 39% sometimes do not buy plastic; and 30% try to look for alternatives. A substantial fraction, 81%, support the avoidance of plastic utensils and reduction in the use of plastic bags. Most participants have a good knowledge of recycling and strongly agree with the use of recycled materials, and 87% of respondents practice separation of different types of waste for recycling. Changing plastic consumption habits has not been an easy task. Nevertheless, it is expected that society will increasingly move toward sustainable habits, questioning its actions and considering their impact on the environment.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Sep 2021
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