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Topic Review
Granger Causality
Identifying causal network problems is important for effective policy and management, and recommendations on climate, epidemiology, and financial regulations. Identifying causality in complex systems can be difficult. Granger causality is an approach that uses predictability as opposed to correlation to identify causation between time series variables. Variable X is said to “Granger cause” Y if the predictability of Y declines when X is removed from the universe of all possible causative variables. The key requirement of Granger causality is separability, namely that information about a causative factor is independently unique to that variable and can be removed by eliminating that variable from the model.
  • 240
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Assessing Reporting of Firms
In corporate reporting, anti-corruption disclosures are generally included within the broad category of non-financial disclosures as part of social disclosure, including employee information (gender pay gap, for example), social engagement, and modern slavery reporting. Such corporate anti-corruption disclosure (ACD) purports to inform investors and other stakeholders of a company’s commitment to eliminating corruption and promoting transparency and accountability.
  • 229
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Leverage,  Firm Value and Corporate Governance
The level of debt acts as a disciplinary financial tool. Moreover, more leverage raises firm value (FV) until a specific point, and then the FV starts to decline. 
  • 223
  • 04 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Effectiveness Factors of Internal Audit Quality in Banks
Due to the complexity of internal audit effectiveness, it has been less studied in accounting and finance. Internal audits are defined by different authors in different ways. Internal audit effectiveness helps to achieve the set target by the organization and to reach the goals within a specific time is the effectiveness of internal audit quality. Internal audit quality evaluated through potential factors such as competence, objectivity, performance, board audit committee support, and independence. 
  • 215
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
ESG Transparency and Firm Valuation in Palm Oil
Environmental, social, and governance (ESG) integration is an increasingly popular and innovative investing strategy that requires companies to be transparent about their ESG practices to facilitate investors’ decisions. In the palm oil sector, companies are addressing ESG risks by adopting and disclosing ESG efforts to improve access to financing. 
  • 212
  • 28 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Investigating Accounting Factors through Audited Financial Statements
Day by day, the importance and impact of the investigation of accounting factors through audited financial statements are increasing based on qualified staff and investments in technology (equipment, machinery, etc.) toward a new approach in businesses. So, while changes in the global business environment have driven business transformation into more innovative businesses, they move toward profit sustainability by focusing on the efficiency of the costs recorded in the accounting financial statements.
  • 211
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Recognition and Measurement of Crypto-Assets
The Markets in Crypto-Assets (MiCa) Regulation of the European Union is the first comprehensive piece of legislation that seeks to protect the interests of investors in the crypto-assets sector. Although the market value of crypto-assets is significant at world level, there is a lack of clear regulatory guidelines regarding the recognition, measurement, and presentation of crypto-assets in the financial statements of investors. Considering that not all digital assets are the same, retail holders need to take into account the characteristics, rights, and obligations associated with the crypto-assets they purchase to determine the appropriate accounting method.
  • 209
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Impact of Big Data Credit Technology
As the main force in boosting national economic development, micro and small enterprises (MSEs) play an irreplaceable role in stabilizing economic growth, narrowing the income gap, improving labor productivity, and promoting market competition. Compared with large and medium-sized enterprises, MSEs are numerous and widely distributed, which creates a broad job market for the labor force in both developing and developed countries. However, credit rationing hindered the effective use of credit resources and weakened MSEs’ incentive to engage in technological innovation and alleviate employment pressure. 
  • 207
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Life Insurance Consumption
Apart from banking, insurance is another significant sector that offers financial services. Like banks, the insurance industry deals with risks and contributes to economic growth. Life insurance (LI) as a service can be described as abstract, complex, and focused on uncertain benefits that may arise in future.
  • 207
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Predicting Bankruptcy
Predicting bankruptcy within selected industries is crucial because of the potential ripple effects and unique characteristics of those industries. It serves as a risk management tool, guiding various stakeholders in making decisions. While artificial intelligence (AI) has shown high success rates in classification tasks, it remains uncertain whether its use significantly enhances the potential for early warning of impending problems.
  • 203
  • 29 Jan 2024
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