Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Gastrointestinal Disorders Involving ICCs and the ENS
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is organized into two plexuses—submucosal and myenteric—which regulate smooth muscle contraction, secretion, and blood flow along the gastrointestinal tract under the influence of the rest of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are mainly located in the submucosa between the two muscle layers and at the intramuscular level. They communicate with neurons of the enteric nerve plexuses and smooth muscle fibers and generate slow waves that contribute to the control of gastrointestinal motility. They are also involved in enteric neurotransmission and exhibit mechanoreceptor activity. A close relationship appears to exist between oxidative stress and gastrointestinal diseases, in which ICCs can play a prominent role. Thus, gastrointestinal motility disorders in patients with neurological diseases may have a common ENS and central nervous system (CNS) nexus. In fact, the deleterious effects of free radicals could affect the fine interactions between ICCs and the ENS, as well as between the ENS and the CNS.
  • 218
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Commonly Used Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnosis
The application of nanoparticles in clinical diagnostics is called nanodiagnostics. Nanotechnology has developed to improve clinical diagnostics due to its increased sensitivity and capability for early cancer detection. There are several kinds of nanomaterials used in cancer diagnosis such as quantum dots, polymeric nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and dendrimers. To enhance the cancer detection capabilities of nanoparticles, they can be conjugated with aptamers, carbohydrates, antibodies, peptides, and other small molecules that specifically target molecules to reach the intended site. Studies have been conducted that used gold nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis. The use of Au-doped nanoparticles showed extraordinarily high luminescence intensity. Additionally, fluorescence has been utilized to detect the cancer biomarker CEA through color visualization.
  • 275
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Anatomical Variations of the External Jugular Vein
The external jugular vein (EJV) descends superficially to the sternocleidomastoid muscle and drains into the subclavian vein after penetrating the deep cervical fascia. Numerous morphological possibilities of the EJV could occur and should be carefully interpreted. These include fenestrations and double fenestrations, true or false duplications, triplication, absence, aberrant origin or course, bifurcation, or the internal jugular vein termination of the EJV. 
  • 750
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Lymphangiogenesis Induction to Accelerate Wound Healing
As the role of lymphangiogenesis in wound healing becomes more and more evident, the question of its induction in the case of chronic wounds in order to increase healing may also arise. Despite the importance of lymphangiogenesis as a therapeutic target, there are still few experimental models to trace and study this process in vivo. An example, however, are the different lines of transgenic mice used for the fluorescent visualization of the recently reported lymphatic vessels. All these lines are based on BAC transgenic constructs targeted to the gene to express GFP, mOrange, or Tomato, fluorescent proteins under the transcriptional control of Prox-1, using VEGFR-3 as a lymphatic marker. The application of pharmacological concentrations of purified polypeptide growth factors, cytokines, and matrix molecules has resulted in the acceleration of normal repair in a wide variety of skin wound models. It would be interesting to consider the use of drugs that can modulate lymphangiogenesis. At the moment, there are both drugs capable of inhibiting lymphangiogenesis, mainly used for the treatment of neoplasms, and drugs capable of increasing this phenomenon on the market. Below is a short list of these drugs, divided into inhibitors and inducers of lymphangiogenesis. Thus far, different drugs have shown effects.
  • 233
  • 06 Mar 2023
Topic Review
The Plant Response to Mechanical Stress
Mechanical stimuli, together with the corresponding plant perception mechanisms and the finely tuned thigmomorphogenetic response, has been of scientific and practical interest since the mid-17th century. As an emerging field, there are many challenges in the research of mechanical stress. Indeed, studies on different plant species (annual/perennial) and plant organs (stem/root) using different approaches (field, wet lab, and in silico/computational) have delivered insufficient findings that frequently impede the practical application of the acquired knowledge. 
  • 634
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Histological Aspects on Endochondral Ossification
Bone is a mineralized tissue composed of calcium phosphates and organic materials such as collagen and proteoglycans. There are two phases of bone mineralization: primary and secondary. Primary mineralization is achieved by osteoblasts. Osteoblasts also produce a large amount of matrix vesicles, which mineralize in nodules (globular assemblies of hydroxyapatite crystals) and then extend into the collagen fibrils secreted by the osteoblasts. In contrast to primary mineralization, secondary mineralization is the process whereby the mineral density of bone increases after primary mineralization. It is postulated that secondary mineralization is regulated through physical crystal maturation, and by the cellular activities of osteocytes embedded in the bone matrix.
  • 453
  • 09 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Seaweeds in Human Diet
Seaweeds have been harvested and used as food since ancient times in Asian countries, such as Korea, China, and especially Japan. There are over 600 recognized edible seaweed species and around 200 are consumed worldwide.
  • 336
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Structure-Dynamic Determinants of Regulatory Divergence in Eukaryotic NCXs
The plasma-membrane Na+/Ca2+ exchangers (NCXs) mediate Ca2+ extrusion/entry to dynamically shape Ca2+ signaling in biological systems ranging from bacteria to humans. The NCX gene orthologs, isoforms, and their splice variants are expressed in a tissue-specific manner and exhibit nearly 104-fold differences in the transport rates and diverse regulatory specificities to match the cell-specific requirements. About 280 residues are directly involved in the folding of Ca2+ binding CBD1 and CBD2 domains that form a two-domain regulatory tandem (CBD12). The X-ray and NMR structures of the CBD1, CBD2, and CBD12 domains reveal a β-immunoglobulin (Ig)-like folding, where two antiparallel β-sheets (with A-B-E and D-C-F-G strands) form a seven-strand β-sandwich motif. The remarkable similarity between the folding structures of CBD1 and CBD2 is evident since the overlay of the CBD1 and CBD2 crystal structures display nearly identical folding with RMSD = 1.3 Å, although all the Ca2+ binding sites in both CBDs reside at the C-terminal ends of distal loops. However, the striking difference between the CBDs is that the CBD1 domain contains four Ca2+ binding sites in all known variants, whereas in the CBD2 domain, the splicing segment varies the number of Ca2+ binding sites from zero to three. The challenge is to resolve the underlying structure-dynamic mechanisms that can explain how the Ca2+ interactions with different variants of eukaryotic NCXs can result in positive, negative, and neutral responses. 
  • 248
  • 09 Jan 2023
Topic Review
CRISPR/Cas-Based Approaches to Study Schizophrenia
Genomic association studies have revealed the complex genetic architecture of schizophrenia (SZ) and other neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). High-throughput models, such as cells and their derivatives, are needed to decipher the molecular basis of SZ pathology. The time is coming for high-throughput genetic technologies based on CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat)/Cas systems to manipulate multiple genomic targets. CRISPR/Cas tools make it possible to find and explore the complex relationship between genotype and phenotype of neuronal cells.
  • 594
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Real-Time Medical Diagnostic Equipment of Triboelectric Nanogenerators
The vast majority of diseases cause a gradual deterioration in the patient over time, and the rapid detection and treatment of diseases in their early stages can not only greatly reduce the investment in medical treatment required for patients, but also effectively reduce the severity of sequelae. TENG-based real-time medical monitoring equipment can provide a variety of physiological data measurements of the human body over a long time. And the equipment has different outputs with different raw materials and testing positions. Through terminal data analysis and processing, diseases can be quickly diagnosed, and personalized treatment plans can be provided for patients, effectively improving the use of medical resources.
  • 259
  • 23 Dec 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 11
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback