Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Adenoids and Tonsils: Immune System's Tireless Gatekeepers
Within the intricate realm of the mucosal immune system resides a captivating duo: the adenoids (or pharyngeal tonsils) and the tonsils (including palatine, tubal, and lingual variations), which harmoniously form the Waldeyer’s ring. As they are strategically positioned at the crossroads of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, these exceptional structures fulfill a vital purpose. They function as formidable “gatekeepers” by screening microorganisms—both bacteria and viruses—with the mission to vanquish local pathogens via antibody production. However, under specific circumstances, their function can take an unsettling turn, inadvertently transforming them into reservoirs for pathogen incubation.
  • 334
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sobrerol
Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are usually characterized by mucus hypersecretion. This condition may worsen and prolong symptoms and signs. For this reason, reducing mucus production and improving mucus removal represent relevant aspects of managing patients with RTIs. In this regard, mucoactive drugs may be effective. Mucoactive agents constitute a large class of compounds characterized by different mechanisms of action. Sobrerol is a monoterpene able to fluidify mucus, increase mucociliary clearance, and exert antioxidant activity. Sobrerol is available in various formulations (granules, syrup, nebulized, and suppository). Sobrerol has been on the market for over 50 years.
  • 334
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Etiology of Pneumoparotid
Pneumoparotid describes retrogradely insufflated air within the Stensen’s duct and/or parotid gland. It is a rare condition with variable causative factors.  A literature search was conducted using electronic medical databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCO, Ovid, Google Scholar, SciElo, LILIACS, and others) from 1890 to 30 June 2022. One hundred and seventy patients (mean age; 28.4 years) from 126 studies were reviewed. Common symptoms included swelling (84.7%) and pain (35.9%). Characteristic findings were crepitus in the parotid region (40%) and frothy saliva from the orifice (39.4%). The common etiologies included abnormal habits such as blowing out the cheeks (23.5%), idiopathic (20%), self-induced (15.9%), playing wind instruments such as trumpets or flutes (8.8%), and diseases inducing coughing or sneezing (8.2%). The treatments included antibiotic therapy (30%), behavioral therapy to avoid continuing causative habits (25.9%), psychiatric therapy (8.2%), and surgical procedures (8.2%). Treatment should be individualized and etiology-based. However, the etiology was not identified in 20% of patients. Further detailed data from larger samples are required to clarify and improve the recognition of this entity.
  • 332
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Pathophysiology, Immunosenescence and Inflammaging of Presbyacusis
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL), or presbyacusis, is a type of sensorineural hearing loss that primarily affects the elderly. However, the age of onset, rate of decline, and severity of hearing loss vary widely. As a result of ageing, the immune system can become defective, leading to the accumulation of unresolved inflammatory processes in the body. Various stimuli can sustain inflammaging, including pathogens, cell debris, nutrients, and gut microbiota.
  • 331
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Purines Regulate Cochlear Function in Health and Disease
Purinergic signalling is an intricate system of extracellular receptors, enzymes and transporters that regulates multiple physiological and pathophysiological processes in the mammalian inner ear. ATP release from the secretory tissues of the cochlear lateral wall (stria vascularis) triggers numerous physiological responses by activating P2 receptors in sensory, supporting and neural tissues. Herein, it is presented with evidence for the essential role of P2 receptors in cochlear development, regulation of electrochemical homeostasis, auditory neurotransmission, and adaptation to elevated sound levels. Adenosine receptors have a major role in cochlear injury responses, highlighting their clinical significance as prospective therapeutic targets. Herein, it is postulated that pharmacological manipulation of purinergic receptors, particularly adenosine receptors, represents a promising strategy for the therapeutic management of hearing loss.
  • 328
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Intraoperative In Vivo Imaging Modalities in HNC Status
Surgical margin status is one of the strongest prognosticators in predicting patient outcomes in head and neck cancer, yet head and neck surgeons continue to face challenges in the accurate detection of these margins with the current standard of care. Advances in intraoperative imaging techniques have been developed to address these limitations in determining cancer margins in head and neck cancer (HNC). These modalities include optical coherence tomography, narrow band imaging, autofluorescence, and fluorescent-tagged probe techniques. Studies have demonstrated encouraging sensitivity and specificity in detecting HNC margins and cancer from normal tissue. 
  • 328
  • 29 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Methodologies for ctDNA Detection
Circulating extracellular DNA that is tumor-derived, referred to as ctDNA, often adheres to the surfaces of leukocytes and erythrocytes. Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has the potential to improve outcomes by enhancing screening, early diagnosis, and surveillance in head and neck cancer patients. 
  • 323
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy
Drug-induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) is a diagnostic tool to assess the upper airway of snorers and obstructive sleep apnea patients in conditions that mimic natural sleep.
  • 319
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Cochlear Implantation
Cochlear implants (CIs) are prostheses that electrically stimulate the cochlear nerve to restore not only sound perception, but speech understanding in people with profound sensorineural hearing loss. CIs use a battery-powered sound processor worn at ear level to transmit electrical signals to an electrode array that has been surgically implanted in the inner ear. The first generation of implants was approved by the FDA in 1984. These devices used a single electrode that allowed recipients to perceive the presence or absence of sound, while variably restoring some speech understanding. The FDA approved the first multi-channel implants for adults and children in 1987 and 1990, respectively. Patients who undergo implantation today do so under a growing number of indications and use devices with a tonotopic array of as many as 24 electrodes. These modern CIs promote language acquisition, literacy, and academic performance in pre-lingually deaf children, while restoring meaningful speech recognition and generating better quality-of-life outcomes for adults who are unable to use traditional amplification.
  • 310
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Otomycosis
Otomycosis (OM) is a superficial fungal infection of the external auditory canal (EAC) with a worldwide prevalence ranging from 9% to 30%. Commonly, otomycoses are caused by Aspergillus (A.) niger complex and Candida spp. Other causative agents are yeasts of the genera Cryptococcus spp., Rhodotorula spp., Geotrichum candidum, dermatophytes (Trichophyton mentagrophytes), and non-dermatophytes molds (Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Mucorales fungi). 
  • 307
  • 25 Sep 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 9
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback