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Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Head and Neck Surgery
EVs has spread from various medical fields to otorhinolaryngology, as well as head and neck surgery (ORL-HNS). 
  • 378
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Fluid Biomarkers in HPV Related Oropharyngeal Carcinomas
Biomarkers are crucial in oncology, from the detection and monitoring of cancer to guiding management and predicting treatment outcomes. However, histological assessment of tissue biopsies, which is currently the gold standard for oral cancers, is technically demanding, invasive, and expensive. Liquid biopsies, through the analysis of cancer biomarkers in bodily fluids, offer promising non-invasive alternatives to patient care in oral cancers. Herein, it was to explore and discuss current markers that are detectable in various biofluids, including plasma, oropharyngeal swabs, and oral rinse. Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is classified by the World Health Organization into HPV-positive and HPV-negative types, due to their significant differences in epidemiology, clinical features, histology, and prognosis. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive oropharyngeal carcinomas (OPCs). patients generally show better prognosis and survival compared to their HPV-negative counterparts. Regarding HPV-positive OPCs, biomarkers are heavily centered around detection of HPV DNA and their associated oncoproteins, aiming to improve outcome and survival. Twenty clinical studies were identified from the systematic search and are categorized into genetics, epigenetics, extracellular vesicles, oncoproteins, and immune response-related markers. Clinical trials investigating biomarkers for both HPV-positive and HPV-negative cancers have approaches from various levels and different biofluids. The majority of fluid biomarker research is still in plasma, with HPV ctDNA remaining the most-studied fluid biomarker, which has already been applied clinically to other HPV-related cancers. Promising candidates have been found that could aid in detection, staging, and predicting prognosis of OPCs, in addition to well-established factors including HPV, alcohol consumption, and smoking status. These studies also emphasize the possibility of enhancing prediction results and increasing statistical significance by multi-variate analyses. Liquid biopsies, being non-invasive methods, offer promising assistance in enhancing personalized medicine in treating cancer patients. 
  • 306
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Frontal Recess Cell Variation and Frontal Sinusitis Development
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can have a significant impact on quality of life. With persistent symptoms and the failure of initial medical treatments, surgical management is indicated. Despite the excellent results of endoscopic sinus surgery for persistent CRS, it is quite a challenging procedure for frontal sinusitis given the complex anatomy and location of the frontal sinus. Frontal recess cells significantly contribute to the complexity of the frontal sinus, and numerous studies have sought to establish their association with sinusitis.
  • 86
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Geographic Tongue
Geographic tongue, also known by several other terms, is a condition of the mucous membrane of the tongue, usually on the dorsal surface. It is a common condition, affecting approximately 2–3% of the general population. It is characterized by areas of smooth, red depapillation (loss of lingual papillae) which migrate over time. The name comes from the map-like appearance of the tongue, with the patches resembling the islands of an archipelago. The cause is unknown, but the condition is entirely benign (importantly, it does not represent oral cancer), and there is no curative treatment. Uncommonly, geographic tongue may cause a burning sensation on the tongue, for which various treatments have been described with little formal evidence of efficacy.
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Head and Neck Cancer in Germany
Analysis of Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) data of the treatment of head and neck cancer in Germany from 2005 to 2018
  • 645
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Vaccine
The treatment of unresectable or metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) has traditionally relied on chemotherapy or radiotherapy, yielding suboptimal outcomes. The introduction of immunotherapy has significantly improved HNSCC treatment, even if the long-term results cannot be defined as satisfactory. Its mechanism of action aims to counteract the blockade of tumor immune escape. This result can also be obtained by stimulating the immune system with vaccines. 
  • 164
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hearing Rehabilitation in Vestibular Schwannoma
The most common complaint among patients with vestibular schwannoma (VS) is hearing loss. This significantly affects the quality of life before, during, and after treatment for patients with VS. Untreated hearing loss in VS patients may even lead to depression and feelings of social isolation. A variety of devices are available for hearing rehabilitation for patients with vestibular schwannoma. 
  • 247
  • 30 May 2023
Topic Review
Histamine and Its Receptors in Mammalian Inner Ear
Histamine is a widely distributed biogenic amine with multiple biological functions mediated by specific receptors that determine the local effects of histamine. All four types of histamine receptors were identified in the mammalian inner ear. The functional studies of histamine in the inner ear were mainly in vitro. Clinical evidence suggests that histamine and its receptors may play a role in Ménière’s disease, but the exact mechanism is not fully understood.
  • 261
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
HRQOL in Oral Cancer Patients
The scope of the present entry was to highlight possible sources of bias that could be encountered when evaluating HRQOL (Health-Related Quality of Life) in patients treated for oral cancer. The second aim was to lay the foundation of a standardized protocol for cohort selection, data collection, and stratification that could enhance knowledge in the field.
  • 417
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Inner Ear Injury and Glucocorticoid Therapy
Hearing loss represents a significant handicap that gravely impacts the quality of life. Normal hearing function depends on the mechanical and physiological integrity of the middle and inner ear structures and their associated nervous system. The middle ear is composed of the tympanic membrane and the ossicles: malleus, incus and stapes. Accordingly, middle ear pathologies primarily involve the mechanical compromise of the eardrum or its associated ossicles due to, for example, an infection, a fluid accumulation or trauma. Corticosteroid therapy has been mainly effective in stopping, decreasing or correcting an auditory impairment in numerous other etiologies of hearing loss, a steroid therapy has also been encouraged in the field of surgical inner ear interventions.
  • 465
  • 28 Sep 2022
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