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Topic Review
Post-Kidney Transplant Measures to Prevent Rejection
With increasing knowledge of immunologic factors and with the advent of potent immunosuppressive agents, the last several decades have seen significantly improved allograft survival. Today, median graft survival ranges from 11.7 years in deceased donor kidney transplants up to 19.2 years in living donor kidney transplants. However, despite overall improved short to medium-term allograft survival, long-term allograft outcomes remain unsatisfactory.
  • 129
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Coronary Artery Disease Pathophysiology in End-Stage Renal Disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), especially in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients and during the first year after transplantation. Besides the traditional cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, tobacco use, family history), in CKD patients non-traditional risk factors play an important role in CAD pathophysiology.
  • 160
  • 04 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Liposome-Based Carriers for CRISPR Genome Editing
CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) is a revolutionary genome editing technology that allows the precise modification of DNA sequences. Liposomes, which are small vesicles composed of lipid bilayers, have emerged as promising carriers for delivering various therapeutic agents, including CRISPR components.
  • 192
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Physiology of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury for Transplantation
Cold preservation is a key component to organ procurement and transplantation. Cold preservation functions by slowing metabolic activity of procured organs and begins the period known as cold ischemic time (CIT). Reducing CIT and warm ischemic time (WIT) are paramount to minimizing donor organ damage from ischemia and the build-up of waste products and signals that drive reperfusion injury prior to transplantation into a matching recipient.
  • 121
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Contemporary Biomarkers for Renal Transplantation
Renal transplantation (RT) is the preferred treatment for end-stage renal disease. However, clinical challenges persist, i.e., early detection of graft dysfunction, timely identification of rejection episodes, personalization of immunosuppressive therapy, and prediction of long-term graft survival. Biomarkers have emerged as valuable tools to address these challenges and revolutionize RT patient care. 
  • 410
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Therapies in Kidney Transplant Rejection
Despite significant advancements in immunosuppressive therapies, kidney transplant rejection continues to pose a substantial challenge, impacting the long-term survival of grafts. TCMR is diagnosed through histological examination of kidney biopsy samples, which reveal the infiltration of mononuclear cells into the allograft tissue. Corticosteroids serve as the primary treatment for TCMR, while severe or steroid-resistant cases may require T-cell-depleting agents, like Thymoglobulin. ABMR occurs due to the binding of antibodies to graft endothelial cells. The most common treatment for ABMR is plasmapheresis, although its efficacy is still a subject of debate. Other current therapies, such as intravenous immunoglobulins, anti-CD20 antibodies, complement inhibitors, and proteasome inhibitors, are also utilized to varying degrees, but their efficacy remains questionable. Management decisions for ABMR depend on the timing of the rejection episode and the presence of chronic changes. In managing both TCMR and ABMR, it is crucial to optimize immunosuppression and address adherence.
  • 237
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Matrix Metalloproteinases and Cardiovascular Disease
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of 25 proteolytic enzymes (zinc-dependent endopeptidases) present in the extracellular matrix whose known role is to degrade its structural components. A primary role of these proteases has been that of cleaving extracellular matrix proteins under certain physiological and pathological conditions. Physiologically, they are involved in different processes, mediating different activities of cell proliferation and differentiation and tissue repair, as well as in the mechanisms of apoptosis and angiogenesis, or cell migration.
  • 264
  • 02 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Humanized Mice for Studies of HIV-1 Persistence
A major roadblock to achieving a cure for human immunodeficiency virus type one (HIV-1) is the persistence of latent viral infections in the cells and tissue compartments of an infected human host. Latent HIV-1 proviral DNA persists in resting memory CD4+ T cells and mononuclear phagocytes (MPs; macrophages, microglia, and dendritic cells). Tissue viral reservoirs of both cell types reside in the gut, lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen, liver, kidney, skin, adipose tissue, reproductive organs, and brain.
  • 224
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Ex Vivo Perfusion Research in a Transplant Setting
Given the importance of renal vasculature and the consequences of vascular injury during renal transplantation, it would be extremely helpful if the condition of the renal vasculature could be assessed and potentially improved before transplantation. Ex vivo perfusion, whether it is hypothermic (HMP) or normothermic (NMP), may offer the possibility to assess kidney function prior to transplantation and could provide a treatment platform in a controlled and isolated environment. Therefore, investigating and assessing vascular damage during machine perfusion could provide a better understanding of its underlying mechanisms, which could potentially be translated into assessment or treatment techniques. 
  • 271
  • 10 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Current Diagnostic Methods of Gut Microbiota
The human gut microbiota include over 10 trillion microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, archaea, and protozoa. In the past, the gut microbiome was analyzed using isolation and culture.
  • 222
  • 16 Jun 2023
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