Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Post-Transplant Bone Disease in Kidney Transplant Recipients
Kidney transplantation is the preferred gold standard modality of treatment for kidney failure. Bone disease after kidney transplantation is highly prevalent in patients living with a kidney transplant and is associated with high rates of hip fractures. Fractures are associated with increased healthcare costs, morbidity and mortality. Post-transplant bone disease (PTBD) includes renal osteodystrophy, osteoporosis, osteonecrosis and bone fractures. PTBD is complex as it encompasses pre-existing chronic kidney disease–mineral bone disease and compounding factors after transplantation, including the use of immunosuppression and the development of de novo bone disease. After transplantation, the persistence of secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, renal osteodystrophy, relative vitamin D deficiency and high levels of fibroblast growth factor-23 contribute to post-transplant bone disease. Risk assessment includes identifying both general risk factors and kidney-specific risk factors. Diagnosis is complex as the gold standard bone biopsy with double-tetracycline labelling to diagnose the PTBD subtype is not always readily available. Therefore, alternative diagnostic tools may be used to aid its diagnosis. 
  • 78
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Post-Kidney Transplant Measures to Prevent Rejection
With increasing knowledge of immunologic factors and with the advent of potent immunosuppressive agents, the last several decades have seen significantly improved allograft survival. Today, median graft survival ranges from 11.7 years in deceased donor kidney transplants up to 19.2 years in living donor kidney transplants. However, despite overall improved short to medium-term allograft survival, long-term allograft outcomes remain unsatisfactory.
  • 129
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Portal Hemodynamics after Living-Donor Liver Transplantation
When a partial liver graft is transplanted into a recipient with portal hypertension, it is subject to sinusoidal shear stress, which, in good measure, is essential for regeneration. However, portal hyperperfusion which exceeds the capacity of the graft results in the small-for-size syndrome manifested by ascites, cholestasis and coagulopathy. The intraoperative assessment of portal hemodynamics in living-donor liver transplant should be standard practice. Inflow modulation in properly selected patients offers a point-of-care solution to alter portal inflow to the graft with a view to improve recipient outcomes. In patients with small (anatomically/metabolically) grafts, using inflow modulation can result in outcomes equivalent to those in patients in whom larger grafts are used.
  • 347
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Polysaccharide Based Implantable Drug Delivery
Implantable drug delivery systems advocate a wide array of potential benefits, including effective administration of drugs at lower concentrations and fewer side-effects whilst increasing patient compliance. Amongst several polymers used for fabricating implants, biopolymers such as polysaccharides are known for modulating drug delivery attributes as desired. 
  • 532
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Physiology of Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury for Transplantation
Cold preservation is a key component to organ procurement and transplantation. Cold preservation functions by slowing metabolic activity of procured organs and begins the period known as cold ischemic time (CIT). Reducing CIT and warm ischemic time (WIT) are paramount to minimizing donor organ damage from ischemia and the build-up of waste products and signals that drive reperfusion injury prior to transplantation into a matching recipient.
  • 121
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Persufflation (PSF)
Persufflation (PSF) utilises the organ's own vascular network to provide oxygen to the organ tissue and maintain metabolism during preservation to avoid hypoxic damage. This method discovered in the early 20th century has shown promise in providing both longer-term preservation and organ reconditioning capabilities for multiple organs including the liver, kidneys, and pancreas.
  • 954
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Patient Blood Management in Liver Transplant
Transfusion of blood products in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) significantly increases post-transplant morbidity and mortality and is associated with reduced graft survival. Based on these results, an active effort to prevent and minimize blood transfusion is required. Patient blood management is a revolutionary approach defined as a patient-centered, systematic, evidence-based approach to improve patient outcomes by managing and preserving a patient’s own blood while promoting patient safety and empowerment. This approach is based on three pillars of treatment: (1) detecting and correcting anemia and thrombocytopenia, (2) minimizing iatrogenic blood loss, detecting, and correcting coagulopathy, and (3) harnessing and increasing anemia tolerance.
  • 1.8K
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Operational Tolerance in Liver Transplantation
More than half a century ago, Billingham and Medawar described the phenomenon of acquired immunologic tolerance to transplant antigens by successfully grafting the skin of a calf onto its fraternal twin. Induction of immune tolerance decreases the risk of graft rejection after solid organ transplantation and thus reduces the need for immunosuppression and improves the survival of transplanted organs. Billingham’s work was followed by the first successful kidney transplant in 1954, and so launched the worldwide search for methods to induce immune tolerance and to hold graft rejection at bay. Transplant tolerance represents the holy grail for transplant immunology: a state where the allograft is accepted by the recipient in the absence of IS treatment. There are multiple types of tolerance including full immunological tolerance, operational tolerance (OT), or IS minimization, sometimes referred to as “prope tolerance”.
  • 454
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
Nutrition Disturbances and Metabolic Complications in Kidney Transplant
Nutrition disturbances occur at all stages of chronic kidney disease and progress with the decrease of the kidney filtration rate. Kidney transplantation (KTx) as the best form of kidney replacement therapy poses various nutritional challenges. Prior to transplantation, recipients often present with mild to advanced nutrition disturbances. A functioning allograft not only relieves uremia, acidosis, and electrolyte disturbances, but also resumes other kidney functions such as erythropoietin production and vitamin D3 metabolism. KTx recipients represent a whole spectrum of undernutrition and obesity. Since following transplantation, patients are relieved of most dietary restrictions and appetite disturbances; they resume old nutrition habits that result in weight gain. The immunosuppressive regimen often predisposes them to dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance, and hypertension. Moreover, most recipients present with chronic kidney graft disease at long-term follow-ups, usually in stages G2–G3T. Therefore, the nutritional status of KTx patients requires careful monitoring.
  • 370
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Muse Cells
Muse cells, identified as pluripotent surface marker, stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-3(+), are endogenous reparative pluripotent stem cells distributed in the bone marrow, peripheral blood and connective tissue of every organ. Since they are non-tumorigenic and do not require gene introduction or cytokine treatment to be rendered pluripotent and induce differentiation, they elicit few safety concerns. They can be delivered intravenously and do not require surgery for their administration since they selectively home to damaged site by sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P)-S1PR2 axis after intravenous injection. Donor-Muse cells can be used without HLA-matching test or immunosuppressant treatment since they have a specific immunomodulatory system represented by HLA-G expression.
  • 670
  • 12 Oct 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 7
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback