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Topic Review
Adipokines in Inflammatory Rheumatic Diseases
Inflammatory rheumatic diseases (IRDs) are complex immune-mediated diseases that are characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA), including axial SpA (ax SpA) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA), are the most common forms of IRD. Both RA and ax SpA are characterized by a chronic course with progressive structural modifications, namely, cartilage damage and bone erosions in RA and osteoproliferative changes with spinal ossifications in ax SpA. The adipose tissue is involved in the pathophysiology of IRDs via the release of several proteins, namely, adipokines. Several adipokines with pro-inflammatory effects have been identified, such as leptin, adiponectin, visfatin and resistin. 
  • 175
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that primarily affects the joints. Organokines can produce beneficial or harmful effects in this condition. Among RA patients, organokines have been associated with increased inflammation and cartilage degradation due to augmented cytokines and metalloproteinases production, respectively. The adipose tissue (AT) is involved in the endocrine regulation of the body’s homeostasis and not only in the energetic homeostasis. Adipocytes drive the production and secretion of endocrine molecules (adipokines), which can control lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity, inflammation, fibrogenesis, immunological responses, liver fat deposition, and fibrogenesis. Adipokines were the first organokines related to the pathophysiology of RA, collaborating in the inflammatory response on the affected joints. Adipokines also play a relevant role in developing extra-articular inflammation-dependent manifestations of RA. In musculoskeletal disorders such as RA, adipokines were described as modulators of bones, synovial membranes, and cartilages activities. Additionally, higher levels of adipokines are encountered in both serum and synovial fluid in patients with RA than in those who are healthy.
  • 437
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Adult-Onset Still’s Disease
Adult-onset Still’s disease (AoSD) is a rare systemic autoinflammatory disease characterized by arthritis, spiking fever, skin rash and elevated ferritin levels. 
  • 476
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Advanced Drug Delivery for Treating Sjögren’s Dry Eye
Sjögren’s syndrome is a chronic and insidious autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocyte infiltration of exocrine glands. Patients typically present with dry eye (keratoconjunctivitis sicca), dry mouth (xerostomia), and other systemic manifestations. The current management for Sjögren's syndrome dry eye (SSDE) has been ineffective as it only targets ocular surface inflammation and dryness without addressing the specific disease process. Ophthalmologists often adopt a trial-and-error approach, which allows the cycle of dry eye disease (DED) to progress and potentially cause permanent damage to the lacrimal functional unit. Topical treatments also depend on patients' ability to administer eye drops and their compliance. These limitations emphasize the need for personalized, targeted treatments that address the underlying pathophysiology of SSDE. This article aims to present new advances in ocular drug delivery for more effective treatment.
  • 478
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Affective Disturbance in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory synovitis-based systemic immune disease of unknown etiology. In addition to joint pathological damage, RA has been linked to neuropsychiatric comorbidities, including depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety, increasing the risk of neurodegenerative diseases in life.
  • 520
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
AI to Identify Novel Therapeutics for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disorder that has a significant impact on quality of life and work capacity. Treatment of RA aims to control inflammation and alleviate pain; however, achieving remission with minimal toxicity is frequently not possible with the current suite of drugs.
  • 128
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Arthritic and Anti-Cancer Activities of Polyphenols
Polyphenols have gained widespread attention as they are effective in the prevention and management of various diseases, including cancer diseases (CD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). They are natural organic substances present in fruits, vegetables, and spices. Polyphenols interact with various kinds of receptors and membranes. They modulate different signal cascades and interact with the enzymes responsible for CD and RA. These interactions involve cellular machinery, from cell membranes to major nuclear components, and provide information on their beneficial effects on health.
  • 379
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Anti-DFS70 in Systemic Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases
The diagnosis of systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease (SARD) or its exclusion is carried out taking into account the results of immunological studies, primarily antinuclear antibodies (ANA) and specific autoantibodies. Often, during ANA analysis via indirect immunofluorescence reaction on cellular and tissue substrates, a dense fine speckled 70 (DFS70) fluorescence pattern is observed.
  • 70
  • 30 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Antinuclear Antibodies
The discovery of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) in the mid-20th century during studies on systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) marked a significant breakthrough.
  • 91
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Antinuclear Antibodies in Systemic Sclerosis
Systemic sclerosis is a systemic autoimmune rheumatic disease characterized by immune abnormalities, leading to vasculopathy and fibrosis. Autoantibody testing has become an increasingly important part of diagnosis and prognostication. Clinicians have been limited to antinuclear antibody (ANA), antitopoisomerase I (also known as anti-Scl-70) antibody, and anticentromere antibody testing. ANA are common in the general population, occurring in up to 20% of women. The presence of an ANA is not necessarily suggestive of a pathologic process, particularly at low titers.
  • 571
  • 06 Mar 2023
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