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Topic Review
Sarcopenia and Pancreatic Fistula after Pancreatic Surgery
Postoperative pancreatic fistula (POPF) is one of the most critical complications after pancreatic surgery. The relationship between sarcopenia and outcomes following this type of surgery is debated. There is increasing evidence that sarcopenia should be considered in the preoperative risk assessment and treatment decision making in patients undergoing pancreatic surgery.
  • 332
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Safety and Efficacy of Laparoscopic Caudate Lobectomy
Resection of the caudate lobe of the liver is considered a highly challenging type of liver resection due to the region’s intimacy with critical vascular structures and deep anatomic location inside the abdominal cavity. Laparoscopic resection of the caudate lobe is considered one of the most challenging laparoscopic liver procedures. 
  • 369
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Roles of CAFs in the TME of PDAC
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most malignant digestive tumors, characterized by a low rate of early diagnosis, strong invasiveness, and early metastasis. The abundant stromal cells, dense extracellular matrix, and lack of blood supply in PDAC limit the penetration of chemotherapeutic drugs, resulting in poor efficacy of the current treatment regimens. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the major stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor cells can secrete exosomes to promote the generation of activated CAFs, meanwhile exosomes secreted by CAFs help promote tumor progression. 
  • 321
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Role of Interleukins in Wound Healing
Interleukins (ILs) are a group of signaling molecules that play a crucial role in the immune response, inflammation, and tissue repair processes, including wound healing.
  • 240
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Robotic Approach in Liver Surgery
In parallel with the historical development of minimally invasive surgery, the laparoscopic and robotic approaches are now frequently utilized to perform major abdominal surgical procedures. Nevertheless, the role of the robotic approach in liver surgery is still controversial, and a standardized, safe technique has not been defined yet. Minimally invasive liver surgery has been extensively associated with benefits, in terms of less blood loss, and lower complication rates, including liver-specific complications such as clinically relevant bile leakage and post hepatectomy liver failure, when compared to open liver surgery. Furthermore, comparable R0 resection rates to open liver surgery have been reported, thus, demonstrating the safety and oncological efficiency of the minimally invasive approach. 
  • 383
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Riedel’s Thyroiditis
Riedel’s thyroiditis (RT), being strongly connected with positive antibodies against the thyroid, has been traditionally regarded as a particular type of autoimmune thyroiditis. RT was assimilated into the larger spectrum of immunoglobulin IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) and, recently (in 2021), a proposal was released to designate a particular framework, namely, IgG4-related thyroid disease (IgG4-RTD) with four underlying entities: IgG4-mediated RT, IgG4-associated Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (and its fibrotic variant), and IgG4-related Graves’s disease.
  • 248
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Rex Shunt
Rex shunt, which was first put in use in 1992, has been considered as an ideal surgical method for the treatment of extra-hepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO) due to its reconstruction of the hepatopetal portal blood flow. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Retrosternal Goitre
Retrosternal goitres are thyroid tumefactions with a mediastinal portion more represented than the cervical one and they overrun the thoracic inlet by two fingers below, or by at least 4 cm. Retrosternal goitre can be divided into two types: “plongeant”, when the parenchymal tissue is connected to the thyroid gland and shares the vascularization (95–98% of cases), and autonomous (2–5% of cases), when this connection is not present and may be considered a mediastinal neoformation.
  • 398
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Relevance of Digitalization in Spine Surgery
Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence and refers to computer techniques that allow complex tasks to be solved in a reproducible and standardized way. Healthcare systems worldwide generate vast amounts of data from many different sources. Although of high complexity for a human being, it is essential to determine the patterns and minor variations in the genomic, radiological, laboratory, or clinical data that reliably differentiate phenotypes or allow high predictive accuracy in health-related tasks. Convolutional neural networks (CNN) are increasingly applied to image data for various tasks. Its use for non-imaging data becomes feasible through different modern machine learning techniques, converting non-imaging data into images before inputting them into the CNN model. Considering also that healthcare providers do not solely use one data modality for their decisions, this approach opens the door for multi-input/mixed data models which use a combination of patient information, such as genomic, radiological, and clinical data, to train a hybrid deep learning model. Thus, this reflects the main characteristic of artificial intelligence: simulating natural human behavior. 
  • 338
  • 16 May 2022
Topic Review
Regenerative Treatment for Osteoarthritis Disease
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic debilitating disorder causing pain and gradual degeneration of weight-bearing joints with detrimental effects on cartilage volume as well as cartilage damage, generating inflammation in the joint structure. The etiology of OA is multifactorial. Currently, therapies are mainly addressing the physical and occupational aspects of osteoarthritis using pharmacologic pain treatment and/or surgery to manage the symptomatology of the disease with no specific regard to disease progression or prevention.
  • 611
  • 14 Jun 2022
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