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Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 in Thyroid Disorders
A properly functioning thyroid gland is crucial for health, influencing growth, neuronal development, reproduction and as a key regulator of energy metabolism, although thyroid disorders/diseases are extremely common and affect 200 million people worldwide. Viral infection may represent one of the major environmental factors related to common thyroid disorders, including subacute thyroiditis (SAT), nonthyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) and autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) including Graves’ disease (GD) and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT).
  • 389
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Sarcopenia and Diabetes
Sarcopenia is an age-related clinical complaint characterized by the progressive deterioration of skeletal muscle mass and strength over time. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with faster and more relevant skeletal muscle impairment. Both conditions influence each other, leading to negative consequences on glycemic control, cardiovascular risk, general health status, risk of falls, frailty, overall quality of life, and mortality.
  • 230
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Sarcopenia and Cognitive Function
Sarcopenia is a geriatric syndrome characterized by the progressive degeneration of muscle mass and function. It is associated with cognitive impairment, defined as a decline in cognitive domains such as language, memory, reasoning, social cognition, planning, making decisions, and solving problems. Several studies have shown that skeletal muscle can regulate brain functions, including mood, learning, locomotor activity, and neuronal injury protection, showing the existence of muscle-brain crosstalk. 
  • 593
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Saliva biomarkers for Heart Failure
Heart Failure (HF) is a clinical syndrome characterized by symptoms such as dyspnoea or fatigue on exertion or at rest, and clinical signs (i.e. lower extremity oedema, elevated jugular venous pressure, pulmonary crackles, etc.) caused by a structural and/or functional cardiac abnormality, ultimately leading to reduced cardiac output. Despite advances in the knowledge on HF, decisions on diagnosis and treatment of HF remain challenging. In everyday clinical practice, biomarkers such as plasma natriuretic peptides such as brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) and N-terminal fragment BNP (NT-proBNP), play an important role in HF diagnosis, therapy monitoring and risk stratification, while many other serum biomarkers have also been studied without definite evidence on how to use them in clinical practice. Biomarkers that could be measured in other biological fluids other than blood, easily and non-invasively, and outside the hospital setting, have attracted research interest. During the last years, saliva has emerged as a body fluid for this purpose.  This review assessed the potential role of salivary biomarkers in diagnosis and progression monitoring of patients with HF. 18 salivary biomarkers were analyzed and the levels of all biomarkers studied were found to be higher in HF patients compared to controls, except for amylase, sodium, and chloride that had smaller saliva concentrations in HF patients. Natriuretic peptides are the most commonly used plasma biomarkers in the management of HF. Their saliva levels show promising results, although the correlation of saliva to plasma values is weakened in higher plasma values. In most of the publications, differences in biomarker levels between HF patients and controls were found to be statistically significant. Due to small number of patients included, larger studies need to be conducted in order to facilitate the use of saliva biomarkers in clinical practice.
  • 586
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Ru(II)-Based Photoactivated Chemotherapy Agents
Photoactivated chemotherapy (PACT) is a novel cancer treatment method that has drawn increasing attention due to its high selectivity and low side effects by spatio-temporal control of irradiation. Compared with photodynamic therapy (PDT), oxygen-independent PACT is more suitable for treating hypoxic tumors. By finely tuning ligand structures and coordination configurations, many Ru(II) complexes can undergo photoinduced ligand dissociation, and the resulting Ru(II) aqua species and/or free ligands may have anticancer activity, showing their potential as PACT agents.
  • 525
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Role of Sodium-Glucose Co-Transporter 2 Inhibitors
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) causes a progressive decline in renal function, leading to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), and increases the likelihood of cardiovascular events and mortality. The introduction of the sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT-2) inhibitor has been a game changer in managing chronic kidney disease (CKD) and congestive heart failure (CHF). These agents not only slow down the progression of kidney disease but also have cardioprotective benefits, including for patients with congestive heart failure and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Some evidence suggests that they can decrease the risk of stroke as well.
  • 265
  • 20 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Role of Melatonin in Fibromyalgia
Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic widespread pain syndrome that is accompanied by fatigue, sleep disturbances, anxiety, depression, lack of concentration, and neurocognitive impairment. Melatonin is a low-molecular-weight indolamine (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) synthesized from the amino acid L-tryptophan, which is present in animals, plants, and even unicellular organisms. Melatonin is produced in the main cell of the pineal gland, the pinealocyte, and is controlled in mammals via ambient light.
  • 419
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Role of Lipoprotein(a) in Arterial Hypertension
Elevated plasma lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is a relatively common and highly heritable trait conferring individuals time-dependent risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • 167
  • 11 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Role of Cytokine IL-37 in Modulating Inflammation
Inflammation constitutes an essential response of tissues to infection or injury. The cytokine IL-37 is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines, otherwise known for its pivotal role in promoting inflammation. This cytokine (a former member 7 of the IL-1 family) was characterized by computational cloning, which revealed its role as a negative regulator of the cytokine IL-18, which in addition to IL-1β is the key proinflammatory cytokine of the IL-1 cytokine family. There is growing interest in the therapeutic potentials of IL-37.
  • 595
  • 20 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Risk Stratification in Patients with Pulmonary Embolism
Pulmonary thromboembolism is a very common cardiovascular disease, with a high mortality rate. This disease still represents a great challenge both in diagnosis and treatment. The heterogeneous clinical picture, often without pathognomonic signs and symptoms, represents a huge differential diagnostic problem even for experienced doctors. The decisions surrounding this therapeutic regimen also represent a major dilemma in the group of patients who are hemodynamically stable at initial presentation and have signs of right ventricular (RV) dysfunction proven by echocardiography and positive biomarker values (pulmonary embolism of intermediate–high risk).
  • 409
  • 14 Oct 2022
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