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Topic Review
Point of Care Ultrasound of the Optic Nerve
Point of care ultrasound (POCUS) of the optic nerve is easy to learn and has great diagnostic potential. Within emergency medicine, research has primarily focused on its use for the assessment of increased intracranial pressure, but many other applications exist, though the literature is heterogeneous and largely observational. In many of these applications, sonographic optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) has moderately high sensitivity and specificity, but the supporting studies are heterogeneous.
  • 324
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Point of Care Ultrasound in Chest Pain
It quickly became obvious that emergency ultrasound, or point of care ultrasound (POCUS), has some very interesting aspects in the context of the emergency room (ER), allowing the physician to immediately obtain images of the patient during the first visit and thus rule out major pathologies immediately. Chest pain often is associated with dyspnea or shortness of breath (SOB), which is in itself one of the most common causes of emergency room access. The origin of these symptoms is often sought in heart and lung diseases.
  • 514
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Percutaneous Biliary Drainage
Ultrasound guidance in biliary interventions has become the standard tool to facilitate percutaneous biliary drainage as well as percutaneous gall bladder drainage. Monitoring of the needle tip whilst penetrating the tissue in real time using ultrasound allows precise manoeuvres and exact targeting without radiation exposure.
  • 122
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of Hemorrhagic Shock
The pathophysiology of hemorrhagic shock involves a decrease in systemic oxygen delivery to a level less than what is required to maintain cellular function.
  • 574
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Pain Management at the End of Life
Access to pain management is a fundamental human right for all people, including those who are at the end of life (EOL). In end-stage patients, severe and uncontrolled pain is a common cause of admission to the emergency department (ED), and its treatment is challenging due to its complex, often multifactorial genesis.
  • 193
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Overcrowding in Emergency Department
Overcrowding in Emergency Departments (EDs) is a phenomenon that is now widespread globally and causes a significant negative impact that goes on to affect the entire hospital.
  • 548
  • 13 Sep 2022
Topic Review
On-Site Medical Management of Avalanche Victims
Avalanche accidents are common in mountain regions and approximately 100 fatalities are counted in Europe each year. The average mortality rate is about 25% and survival chances are mainly determined by the degree and duration of avalanche burial, the patency of the airway, the presence of an air pocket, snow characteristics, and the severity of traumatic injuries. The most common cause of death in completely buried avalanche victims is asphyxia followed by trauma. Hypothermia accounts for a minority of deaths; however, hypothermic cardiac arrest has a favorable prognosis and prolonged resuscitation and extracorporeal rewarming are indicated.
  • 935
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapies and Clinical Diagnosis
Timely diagnosis and appropriate antitumoral treatments remain of utmost importance, since cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Within this context, nanotechnology offers specific benefits in terms of cancer therapy by reducing its adverse effects and guiding drugs to selectively target cancer cells.
  • 226
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nanomedicine and Brain Tumors
A brain tumor, a tumor that develops within the skull, is an abnormal mass of tissue in which cells grow and multiply out of control. Although more than 150 types of brain tumors have been reported, they are macroscopically divided into primary and metastatic groups. Tumors that arise directly from the brain tissue or surrounding the brain are classified as primary brain tumors.
  • 480
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Management of Adolescents Admitted with Severe Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia Nervosa (AN) affects up to 0.5% of adolescents. It is considered the third most common chronic disease in adolescence and also the psychiatric illness with the highest mortality rate, ranging from 2–8%. Part of this high mortality is explained by the multi-systemic stress caused by prolonged fasting, especially on the cardio-vascular system. Although there is a general agreement regarding admission criteria, the initial management of admitted patients with severe malnutrition due to AN is still highly variable with no international consensus on the optimal nutritional rehabilitation for this specific population.
  • 401
  • 02 Apr 2022
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