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Topic Review
Gut Microbiome Changes in Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa (AN) remains a challenging condition in psychiatric management and its pathogenesis is not yet fully understood. An imbalance in the gut microbiota composition may contribute to its pathophysiology. There is an imbalance in gut microbiota composition leads to reduced short-chain fatty acids, contributing to a proinflammatory state in AN, which is also common in other psychiatric comorbidities. Microbial changes may also contribute to the semistarvation state through endocrine changes and altered energy utilization.
  • 53
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Evening Chronotype and Suicide
A chronotype is generally defined as the variability of the phase angle of entrainment, while the latter reflects the relationship between the timing of a certain rhythm (e.g., the sleep–wake cycle) and the timing of an external temporal cue. Individuals can be placed on a spectrum from “morning types” (M types) to “evening types” (E types). E-chronotype has been proposed as a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychiatric conditions, and it has been associated with psychopathological dimensions. Eveningness seems to be correlated with both suicidal ideation (SI) and suicidal behavior (SB) through several possible mediating factors. Immunological alterations have also been linked to later chronotypes and SI/SB. 
  • 89
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Genetic Factors Related to N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors Dysfunction
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders, although the aetiology of ADHD is not yet understood. One proposed theory for developing ADHD is N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) dysfunction. NMDARs are involved in regulating synaptic plasticity and memory function in the brain. Abnormal expression or polymorphism of some genes associated with ADHD results in NMDAR dysfunction.
  • 250
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Microglia in Immunological Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric condition that may involve immune system dysregulation. Microglia are the resident brain innate immune cells that have been implicated in host defense against neurotropic pathogens, brain development, and neurodegenerative disorders.
  • 262
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
GABA Positive Allosteric Modulator (GPAM)—Brexanolone
Brexanolone is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of gamma amino butyric acid-type A (GABA-A) receptors and is the first FDA-approved drug to manage postpartum depression (PPD).
  • 197
  • 25 May 2023
Topic Review
Biological Alterations Underlying Suicidal Behaviour
Suicidal behaviour is a complex, multi-factorial, polygenic and independent mental health problem caused by a combination of alterations and dysfunctions of several biological pathways and disruption of normal mechanisms in brain regions that remain poorly understood and need further investigation to be deciphered. Suicide complexity and unpredictability gained international interest as a field of research. Several studies have been conducted at the neuropathological, inflammatory, genetic, and molecular levels to uncover the triggers behind suicidal behaviour and develop convenient and effective therapeutic or at least preventive procedures.
  • 282
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Application of Antipsychotic Drugs in Mood Disorders
Since their first application in psychiatry seventy years ago, antipsychotic drugs, besides schizophrenia, have been widely used in the treatment of mood disorders. First-generation antipsychotics (FGAs), such as phenothiazines and haloperidol, were mainly applied for the treatment of acute mania, as well as psychotic depression when combined with antidepressants. The second-generation, so-called atypical antipsychotics (SGAs), such as clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine, have antimanic activity and are also effective for the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Additionally, quetiapine exerts therapeutic action in bipolar depression. Among third-generation antipsychotics (TGAs) aripiprazole and cariprazine have antimanic activity, lurasidone, cariprazine, lumateperone exert a significant antidepressant effect in bipolar depression; while there is evidence for the efficacy of aripiprazole and lurasidone in the prevention of recurrence in bipolar disorder.
  • 328
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Circulating Cell-Free DNA Levels in Psychiatric Diseases
The cell-free DNA (cfDNA) levels are known to increase in biological fluids in various pathological conditions. However, the data on circulating cfDNA in severe psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), and depressive disorders (DDs), is contradictory. The meta-analysis showed that the levels of total cfDNA and genomic cfDNA in patients with schizophrenia are significantly higher than in healthy donors (SMD values of 0.61 and 0.6, respectively; p < 0.00001). Data on mitochondrial cfDNA in schizophrenia were scarce. Meta-analysis in BD and DDs found no significant differences in the level of mitochondrial cfDNA. However, further research on mitochondrial and genomic cfDNA levels in psychiatric disorders is needed due to the data heterogeneity.
  • 407
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cultured Cells Exposed to Oxidative Stress
In 1972, Brunk and Ericsson found that significant amounts of lysosomal acid phosphatases leak through the ultrastructurally intact lysosomal membrane in cultured glioma cells. Subsequently, Brunk and his colleagues established the concept of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) in a series of works using cultured cells which were exposed to artificial oxidative stress. 
  • 240
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Overgeneral Autobiographical Memory
Overgeneral autobiographical memory (OGM) is an inability to retrieve specific memories from one's autobiographical memory. Instead, general memories are recalled, such as repeated events or events occurring over broad periods. For example, when asked to recall a happy event, a person who exhibits OGM may say, "when I was on vacation last month" instead of remembering a single incident, such as, "my high school graduation." Research shows a correlation between OGM and certain mental illnesses, such as major depressive disorder (MDD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
  • 342
  • 08 Nov 2022
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