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Topic Review
Application of Antipsychotic Drugs in Mood Disorders
Since their first application in psychiatry seventy years ago, antipsychotic drugs, besides schizophrenia, have been widely used in the treatment of mood disorders. First-generation antipsychotics (FGAs), such as phenothiazines and haloperidol, were mainly applied for the treatment of acute mania, as well as psychotic depression when combined with antidepressants. The second-generation, so-called atypical antipsychotics (SGAs), such as clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, and quetiapine, have antimanic activity and are also effective for the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Additionally, quetiapine exerts therapeutic action in bipolar depression. Among third-generation antipsychotics (TGAs) aripiprazole and cariprazine have antimanic activity, lurasidone, cariprazine, lumateperone exert a significant antidepressant effect in bipolar depression; while there is evidence for the efficacy of aripiprazole and lurasidone in the prevention of recurrence in bipolar disorder.
  • 328
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Biological Alterations Underlying Suicidal Behaviour
Suicidal behaviour is a complex, multi-factorial, polygenic and independent mental health problem caused by a combination of alterations and dysfunctions of several biological pathways and disruption of normal mechanisms in brain regions that remain poorly understood and need further investigation to be deciphered. Suicide complexity and unpredictability gained international interest as a field of research. Several studies have been conducted at the neuropathological, inflammatory, genetic, and molecular levels to uncover the triggers behind suicidal behaviour and develop convenient and effective therapeutic or at least preventive procedures.
  • 282
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Biomarkers of Post-COVID Depression
Post-COVID depression affects people who have had SARS-CoV-2 infection. A very important issue for the mental health of the general population is to look for the causes of this complication and its biomarkers. This will help in faster diagnosis and effective treatment of the affected patients. 
  • 418
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Caregiver Burden
Caregiver burden is the stress which is perceived by caregivers due to the home care situation. The subjective burden is considered to be one of the most important predictors of negative outcomes from the home care situation.
  • 437
  • 10 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Circulating Cell-Free DNA Levels in Psychiatric Diseases
The cell-free DNA (cfDNA) levels are known to increase in biological fluids in various pathological conditions. However, the data on circulating cfDNA in severe psychiatric disorders, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), and depressive disorders (DDs), is contradictory. The meta-analysis showed that the levels of total cfDNA and genomic cfDNA in patients with schizophrenia are significantly higher than in healthy donors (SMD values of 0.61 and 0.6, respectively; p < 0.00001). Data on mitochondrial cfDNA in schizophrenia were scarce. Meta-analysis in BD and DDs found no significant differences in the level of mitochondrial cfDNA. However, further research on mitochondrial and genomic cfDNA levels in psychiatric disorders is needed due to the data heterogeneity.
  • 407
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Circulatory microRNAs in Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is the most prevalent, chronic, and complicated neuropsychiatric disorder of the current era, causing 800,000 people to commit suicides annually (WHO, 2020). In MDD, several miRNAs have been identified in disease progression by targeting various pathogenic proteins or associated pathways, and they are dysregulated by pathogenic protein expression.
  • 453
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Considerations about PD Treatment
The treatment of PD starts when motor signs are developed. Current treatments include pharmacologic therapy, physical therapy, rehabilitating therapy and surgery. Physical therapy and exercise are beneficial in PD patients for both motor and non-motor symptoms. The activities include speech therapy, nutrition, physiotherapy, and support groups.
  • 329
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Cultured Cells Exposed to Oxidative Stress
In 1972, Brunk and Ericsson found that significant amounts of lysosomal acid phosphatases leak through the ultrastructurally intact lysosomal membrane in cultured glioma cells. Subsequently, Brunk and his colleagues established the concept of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) in a series of works using cultured cells which were exposed to artificial oxidative stress. 
  • 240
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Domestic Violence and Abuse
Domestic violence is considered to be all acts of physical, sexual, psychological or economic violence that occur within the family or domestic unit or between former or current spouses or partners, whether or not the perpetrator shares or has shared the same residence with the victim.
  • 684
  • 21 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Evening Chronotype and Suicide
A chronotype is generally defined as the variability of the phase angle of entrainment, while the latter reflects the relationship between the timing of a certain rhythm (e.g., the sleep–wake cycle) and the timing of an external temporal cue. Individuals can be placed on a spectrum from “morning types” (M types) to “evening types” (E types). E-chronotype has been proposed as a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychiatric conditions, and it has been associated with psychopathological dimensions. Eveningness seems to be correlated with both suicidal ideation (SI) and suicidal behavior (SB) through several possible mediating factors. Immunological alterations have also been linked to later chronotypes and SI/SB. 
  • 89
  • 04 Jan 2024
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