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Topic Review
Unmanned NASA Missions
Following is a sampling of some of NASA's past and present programs excluding manned spacecraft. The years in brackets are for first and latest launching. A program is a number of flights or missions with the same kind of spacecraft, therefore the name of the program and the name of the spacecraft used will often be the same. In all, NASA have made more than 1,000 unmanned missions into Earth orbit or beyond.
  • 898
  • 23 Oct 2022
Topic Review
UAV Detection and Tracking in Urban Environments
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have gained significant popularity across various domains, but their proliferation also raises concerns about security, public safety, and privacy. Consequently, the detection and tracking of UAVs have become crucial. Among the UAV-monitoring technologies, those suitable for urban Internet-of-Things (IoT) environments primarily include radio frequency (RF), acoustic, and visual technologies. 
  • 260
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Types of Artificial Neural Networks
The well-known artificial neural networks (ANNs) are nearly as old as Artificial Intelligence, and they represent a tool, or a model, rather than a method by which to implement AI in autonomous systems. The growing interest in Artificial Intelligence is pervading several domains of technology and robotics research. Only recently has the space community started to investigate deep learning methods and artificial neural networks for space systems. The applications of artificial neural networks to system identification, control synthesis and optical navigation are reviewed and compared using quantitative and qualitative metrics. 
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces Thermal Hydraulic Effects
Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces (TPMS) are a kind of periodic implicit surface with zero mean curvature, that is, the surfaces that locally minimize surface area for a given boundary. The TPMS is composed of infinite, non-self-intersecting, periodic surfaces in three principal directions. The TPMS networks as repeated lattice structures have attracted much research interest because they have shown better mechanical performance, mass transfer, and thermal conductivity than conventional and strut-based structures, which have been employed in different disciplines. With excellent performances in the TPMS architectures, current works have investigated the TPMS structures to utilize in a wide range of applications.
  • 3.7K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Traditional Approaches to Aircraft SPHM
Structural prognostics and health management (SPHM), a vital discipline in aerospace engineering, emphasizes the importance of continuous monitoring, diagnosis, and prediction of the health of aircraft structural systems. By capturing and analyzing data from a wide array of sensors and monitoring systems, SPHM systems play an instrumental role in facilitating the real-time evaluation of an aircraft’s structural integrity throughout its operational lifespan.
  • 103
  • 22 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Topology Optimisation Methods for Satellite Structures
Launching satellites into the Earth’s orbit is a critical area of research, and very demanding satellite services increase exponentially as modern society takes shape. At the same time, the costs of developing and launching satellite missions with shorter development times increase the requirements of novel approaches in the several engineering areas required to build, test, launch, and operate satellites in the Earth’s orbit, as well as in orbits around other celestial bodies. One area with the potential to save launching costs is that of the structural integrity of satellites, particularly in the launching phase where the largest vibrations due to the rocket motion and subsequent stresses could impact the survival ability of the satellite. To address this problem, two important areas of engineering join together to provide novel, complete, and competitive solutions: topology optimisation methods and additive manufacturing. Topology optimisation methods are mathematical methods that allow iteratively optimising structures (usually by decreasing mass) while improving some structural properties depending on the application (load capacity, for instance), through the maximisation or minimisation of a uni- or multi-objective function and multiple types of algorithms. This area has been widely active in general and has two main core types of algorithms: continuum methods that modify continuous parameters such as density, and discrete methods that work by adding and deleting material elements in a meshing context. 
  • 131
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Timeline of STS-51-L
STS-51-L mission timeline is a detailed timeline of events from the ignition of Challenger's main engines to the remote destruction of the two Solid rocket boosters (SRBs), and includes a transcript of crew conversations from the cockpit voice recorder on board the orbiter. STS-51-L was the twenty-fifth flight in the American Space Shuttle program, and marked the first time a civilian had flown aboard the Space Shuttle. The mission used Space Shuttle Challenger, which lifted off from launch pad 39B (LC-39B) on January 28, 1986, from Kennedy Space Center, Florida. The mission ended in disaster following the destruction of Challenger 73 seconds after lift-off, because of the failure of an O-ring seals on Challenger's right solid rocket booster, which led to the rapid disintegration of the Space Shuttle stack from overwhelming aerodynamic pressures. The seven-member crew was killed when the crew compartment hit the Atlantic Ocean at 333 km/h (207 mph), after two and a half minutes of freefall.
  • 303
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Timeline of Rosetta Spacecraft
Rosetta is a space probe designed to rendezvous with the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, perform flybys of two asteroids (2867 Šteins and 21 Lutetia), and carry lander Philae until its landing on 67P. This page records a detailed timeline of this mission.
  • 633
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Thermal Management System
In gas turbine engines, Thermal Management (TM) is a concept of utilising the engine fluid systems to extract the excess heat generated within the various components and systems of the engine as well as employing the extracted heat for multiple functions that would improve the engine’s performance.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Television Infrared Observation Satellite
TIROS, or Television InfraRed Observation Satellite, is a series of early weather satellites launched by the United States , beginning with TIROS-1 in 1960. TIROS was the first satellite that was capable of remote sensing of the Earth, enabling scientists to view the Earth from a new perspective: space. The program, promoted by Harry Wexler, proved the usefulness of satellite weather observation, at a time when military reconnaissance satellites were secretly in development or use. TIROS demonstrated at that time that "the key to genius is often simplicity". TIROS is an acronym of "Television InfraRed Observation Satellite" and is also the plural of "tiro" which means "a young soldier, a beginner". Participants in the TIROS project included the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), United States Army Signal Research and Development Laboratory, Radio Corporation of America (RCA), the United States Weather Bureau Service, the United States Naval Photographic Interpretation Center (NPIC), the Environmental Science Services Administration (ESSA), and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
  • 340
  • 04 Nov 2022
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