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Topic Review
NP04 Experiment
The Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) is a neutrino experiment under construction, with a near detector at Fermilab and a far detector at the Sanford Underground Research Facility that will observe neutrinos produced at Fermilab. An intense beam of trillions of neutrinos from the production facility at Fermilab (in Illinois) will be sent over a distance of 1,300 kilometers (810 mi) with the goal of understanding the role of neutrinos in the universe. More than 1,000 collaborators work on the project. The experiment is designed for a 20-year period of data collection. The primary science objectives of DUNE are The science goals are so compelling that the 2014 Particle Physics Project Prioritization Panel (P5) ranked this as "the highest priority project in its timeframe" (recommendation 13). The importance of these goals has led to proposals for competing projects in other countries, particularly the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment in Japan, scheduled to begin data-taking in 2027. The DUNE project, overseen by Fermilab, has suffered delays to its schedule and growth of cost from less than $2B to $3B, leading to articles in the journals Science and Scientific American described the project as "troubled." As of 2022, the DUNE experiment has a neutrino-beam start-date in the early-2030's, and the project is now phased.
  • 477
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Causal Fermion System
The theory of causal fermion systems is an approach to describe fundamental physics. It provides a unification of the weak, the strong and the electromagnetic forces with gravity at the level of classical field theory. Moreover, it gives quantum mechanics as a limiting case and has revealed close connections to quantum field theory. Therefore, it is a candidate for a unified physical theory. Instead of introducing physical objects on a preexisting spacetime manifold, the general concept is to derive spacetime as well as all the objects therein as secondary objects from the structures of an underlying causal fermion system. This concept also makes it possible to generalize notions of differential geometry to the non-smooth setting. In particular, one can describe situations when spacetime no longer has a manifold structure on the microscopic scale (like a spacetime lattice or other discrete or continuous structures on the Planck scale). As a result, the theory of causal fermion systems is a proposal for quantum geometry and an approach to quantum gravity. Causal fermion systems were introduced by Felix Finster and collaborators.
  • 477
  • 28 Oct 2022
Biography
Kam-Biu Luk
Kam-Biu Luk (Chinese: 陸錦標, born 1953) is a professor of physics, with a focus on particle physics, at UC Berkeley and a senior faculty member in the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory's physics division.[1] Luk has conducted research on neutrino oscillation and CP violation. Luk and his collaborator Yifang Wang were awarded the 2014 Panofsky Prize “for their leadership of the Daya Bay
  • 475
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Disease after Chronic Kidney Disease
Cardiovascular diseases remain the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in chronic kidney disease patients undergoing hemodialysis. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT), visceral fat depot of the heart, was found to be associated with coronary artery disease in cardiac and non-cardiac patients. Additionally, EAT has been proposed as a novel cardiovascular risk in the general population and in end-stage renal disease patients. It has also been shown that EAT, more than other subcutaneous adipose tissue deposits, acts as a highly active organ producing several bioactive adipokines, and proinflammatory and proatherogenic cytokines. 
  • 474
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Brief History of Gel Dosimetry
Advances in radiotherapy technology have significantly improved both dose conformation to tumors and the preservation of healthy tissues, achieving almost real-time feedback by means of high-precision treatments and theranostics. Therefore, developing high-performance systems capable of coping with the challenging requirements of modern ionizing radiation is a key issue to overcome the limitations of traditional dosimeters. In this regard, a deep understanding of the physicochemical basis of gel dosimetry, as one of the most promising tools for the evaluation of 3D high-spatial-resolution dose distributions, represents the starting point for developing new and innovative systems. 
  • 474
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sagittarius
Sagittarius, often referred to as "the Archer," is a prominent constellation in the southern celestial hemisphere, renowned for its association with Greek mythology and the mythical centaur Chiron. Positioned along the Milky Way, Sagittarius hosts a wealth of celestial wonders, including the galactic center and numerous star clusters.
  • 474
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Bioelectromagnetics
Bioelectromagnetics, also known as bioelectromagnetism, is the study of the interaction between electromagnetic fields and biological entities. Areas of study include electrical or electromagnetic fields produced by living cells, tissues or organisms, including bioluminescent bacteria; for example, the cell membrane potential and the electric currents that flow in nerves and muscles, as a result of action potentials. Others include animal navigation utilizing the geomagnetic field; the effects of man-made sources of electromagnetic fields like mobile phones; and developing new therapies to treat various conditions. The term can also refer to the ability of living cells, tissues, and organisms to produce electrical fields and the response of cells to electromagnetic fields.
  • 474
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Short Wavelength Energy-Efficient High-Speed Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers
Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) were becoming the dominating optical sources for data communication in such centers for all distances and wavelengths. VCSELs are of low production cost, can be tested on-wafer, and enable low energy consumption. 850 nm multi-mode VCSELs are widely used for the optical links inside data centers and supercomputers, together with multi-mode fibers. Long-wavelength single-mode VCSELs (1310 nm or 1550 nm) based on InP extend the transmission distance and enable wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technologies.
  • 473
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Pegasus
Pegasus, the winged horse of Greek mythology, is a prominent constellation in the northern sky, known for its distinctive "Great Square" asterism. As one of the 48 constellations cataloged by the ancient Greek astronomer Ptolemy, Pegasus has a rich cultural and astronomical significance. Its association with the mythical creature Pegasus, ridden by heroes such as Perseus and Bellerophon, adds to its allure and makes it a captivating subject for stargazers.
  • 473
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Paramagnetic Meissner Effect (PME)
When cooling a superconductor in a magnetic field below the transition temperature, Tc, the material characteristically tries to expel the magnetic flux due to the induced shielding currents (often also called Meissner currents). When measuring the magnetic moment, m(T), in this situation a diamagnetic signal (m = negative) appears. This so-called Meissner-Ochsenfeld effect is one of the two hallmarks of superconductivity besides the zero resistance and represents the strongest proof if a material is a true superconductor. However, in the literature there are also superconducting materials which show an appearing paramagnetic (positive m) signal below Tc when measuring m(T) in small applied magnetic fields. This so-called Paramagnetic Meissner Effect (PME) or Wohlleben effect was first observed in bulk, Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 high- Tc superconducting (HTSc) materials, and subsequently as big surprise also in conventional Nb superconductors. Since then, PME was found in many more metallic and HTSc materials, having various shapes (bulks, crystals, thin films), and various aspect ratios and compositions, including multilayers and doped materials.
  • 471
  • 20 Jun 2023
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