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Topic Review
Mesoscale Dielectric Particles: Unusual Optical Effects
Mesoscale dielectric particles are mesostructures comprising both wavelength-scaled (i.e. dimensions comparable to wavelength) particles and particle chains or arrays. These particles are made of low loss dielectric materials having relatively low refractive index, namely the refractive index less than two. The main unusual optical effects in such structures are discussed below.
  • 548
  • 01 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Biological Photovoltaics
Biological photovoltaics (BPV) is an energy-generating technology which uses oxygenic photoautotrophic organisms, or fractions thereof, to harvest light energy and produce electrical power. Biological photovoltaic devices are a type of biological electrochemical system, or microbial fuel cell, and are sometimes also called photo-microbial fuel cells or “living solar cells”. In a biological photovoltaic system, electrons generated by photolysis of water are transferred to an anode. A relatively high-potential reaction takes place at the cathode, and the resulting potential difference drives current through an external circuit to do useful work. It is hoped that using a living organism (which is capable of self-assembly and self-repair) as the light harvesting material, will make biological photovoltaics a cost-effective alternative to synthetic light-energy-transduction technologies such as silicon-based photovoltaics.
  • 546
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lossy Mode Resonance-Based Fiber Optic Sensors
Fiber optic sensors (FOSs) based on the lossy mode resonance (LMR) technique have gained substantial attention from the scientific community. The LMR technique displays several important features over the conventional surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon, for planning extremely sensitive FOSs. Unlike SPR, which mainly utilizes the thin film of metals, a wide range of materials such as conducting metal oxides and polymers support LMR.
  • 544
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cathodoluminescence of Diamond
Cathodoluminescence (CL) microscopy revealed heterogeneities in diamonds in a very detailed manner with high spatial resolution.
  • 543
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Monoceros
Monoceros, Latin for "unicorn," is a constellation located in the celestial equator. Despite lacking ancient mythological roots, it was introduced in the 17th century by the astronomer Jakob Bartsch and later included in Johann Bayer's Uranometria, symbolizing the unicorn, a creature of myth and fantasy.
  • 542
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Macro-Physics of the Quark-Nova
A quark-nova is a hypothetical stellar evolution branch where a neutron star converts explosively into a quark star. Due to the high peak neutrino luminosities, neutrino pair annihilation can deposit as much as 1052 ergs in kinetic energy in the matter overlaying the neutrinosphere, yielding relativistic quark-nova ejecta. 
  • 542
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Vallis (Planetary Geology)
Vallis or valles /ˈvælɪs/ (plural valles /ˈvæliːz/) is the Latin word for valley. It is used in planetary geology to name landform features on other planets. Scientists used vallis for old river valleys they discovered when they sent the first probes to Mars. The Viking Orbiters caused a revolution in our ideas about water on Mars; finding huge river valleys in many areas. Space craft cameras showed that floods of water broke through dams, carved deep valleys, eroded grooves into bedrock, and traveled thousands of kilometers. Some valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Athabasca Vallis, Granicus Vallis, and Tinjar Valles) clearly begin at graben. On the other hand, some of the large outflow channels begin in rubble-filled low areas, called chaos or chaotic terrain. It has been suggested that massive amounts of water were trapped under pressure beneath a thick cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then the water was suddenly released, perhaps when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
  • 541
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Compact Fusion Reactor
The Lockheed Martin Compact Fusion Reactor (CFR) is a proposed nuclear fusion reactor project at Lockheed Martin’s Skunk Works. Its high-beta configuration, which implies that the ratio of plasma pressure to magnetic pressure is greater than or equal to 1 (compared to tokamak designs' 0.05), allows a compact fusion reactor (CFR) design and expedited development. The CFR chief designer and technical team lead, Thomas McGuire studied fusion as a source of space propulsion in response to a NASA desire to improve travel times to Mars.
  • 540
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Plasmonic Photothermal Therapy
The laser application for hyperthermia makes it possible to obtain managed thermal damage of tumor tissue. However, the small spatial selectivity of tumor tissue heating remains a problem of laser hyperthermia. The development of innovative nanoparticle-based technologies to improve the selectivity of laser heating is intensively pursued, and various types of plasmon resonance nanoparticles are used for this purpose, as follows: nanospheres nanoshells, nanorods, nanocages. Plasmonic photothermal therapy is referred to by the acronym PPT.
  • 539
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Plasma-Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition in Nanofabrication
The growing need for increasingly miniaturized devices has placed high importance and demands on nanofabrication technologies with high-quality, low temperatures, and low-cost techniques. The development and advances in atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes boosted interest in their use in advanced electronic and nano/microelectromechanical systems (NEMS/MEMS) device manufacturing. In this context, non-thermal plasma (NTP) technology has been highlighted because it allowed the ALD technique to expand its process window and the fabrication of several nanomaterials at reduced temperatures, allowing thermosensitive substrates to be covered with good formability and uniformity. 
  • 539
  • 19 Oct 2022
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