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Biography
Thomas Michael Donahue
Thomas Michael Donahue (23 May 1921, Healdton, Oklahoma – 16 October 2004, Ann Arbor, Michigan) was an American physicist, astronomer, and space and planetary scientist. Donahue graduated in 1942 from Rockhurst College in Kansas City and received in 1947 his PhD in physics from Johns Hopkins University, with an interruption of his graduate studies by WW II and service in the Army Signal Corps.
  • 338
  • 09 Dec 2022
Biography
Thomas Eugene Everhart
Thomas Eugene Everhart FREng (born February 15, 1932, Kansas City, Missouri)[1] is an American educator and physicist. His area of expertise is the physics of electron beams. Together with Richard F. M. Thornley he designed the Everhart-Thornley detector. These detectors are still in use in scanning electron microscopes, even though the first such detector was made available as early as 1956. E
  • 846
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Thin-Film Magnetoelastic Materials Based Devices
Thin-film magnetoelastic materials, which couple the magnetization and strain together, have recently attracted ever-increasing attention due to their key roles in magnetoelectric applications. This review starts with the fabrication and characterization techniques in the field of magnetoelastic materials and introduces various kinds of devices utilizing ME effect.
  • 2.6K
  • 04 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Thin-Film Dip-Coating Methods
Coating is the way of incorporating a thin coating of material into a substrate by deposition in either the liquid phase (solution) or the solid phase (powder or nanoparticles), dip-Coating is one of them.
  • 5.9K
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Thin Films of Sn Perovskites
Compared to Pb-based perovskites solar cells (PSCs), tin-based perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) exhibit a much lower power conversion energy (PCE), mainly due to the poor film quality, correlated degradation, and detrimental effects. Perovskite films are often fabricated from solutions due to ease of fabrication. In order to create a high-performance tin-based PSC, it is imperative to form dense, compact, well-crystalline perovskite films. Many ways have been proposed to resolve the instabilities of tin-based perovskites. The first step to enhance the stability of the device is to gain a deeper understanding of the degradation mechanisms. Earlier, the researchers briefly pointed out the effects of moisture, oxygen, illumination, ion migration, and chemical reactions which are the most common causes of degradation in perovskite halides.
  • 284
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Thermoporometry and Cryoporometry
Thermoporometry and cryoporometry are methods for measuring porosity and pore-size distributions. A small region of solid melts at a lower temperature than the bulk solid, as given by the Gibbs–Thomson equation. Thus, if a liquid is imbibed into a porous material, and then frozen, the melting temperature will provide information on the pore-size distribution. The detection of the melting can be done by sensing the transient heat flows during phase transitions using differential scanning calorimetry – DSC thermoporometry, measuring the quantity of mobile liquid using nuclear magnetic resonance – NMR cryoporometry (NMRC) or measuring the amplitude of neutron scattering from the imbibed crystalline or liquid phases – ND cryoporometry (NDC). To make a thermoporometry / cryoporometry measurement, a liquid is imbibed into the porous sample, the sample cooled until all the liquid is frozen, and then warmed until all the liquid is again melted. Measurements are made of the phase changes or of the quantity of the liquid that is crystalline / liquid (depending on the measurement technique used). The techniques make use of the Gibbs–Thomson effect: small crystals of a liquid in the pores melt at a lower temperature than the bulk liquid : The melting point depression is inversely proportional to the pore size. The technique is closely related to that of use of gas adsorption to measure pore sizes but uses the Gibbs–Thomson equation rather than the Kelvin equation. They are both particular cases of the Gibbs Equations (Josiah Willard Gibbs): the Kelvin equation is the constant temperature case, and the Gibbs–Thomson equation is the constant pressure case.
  • 941
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Thermodynamics of the Universe
The thermodynamics of the universe is dictated by which form of energy dominates it - relativistic particles which are referred to as radiation, or non-relativistic particles which are referred to as matter. The former are particles whose rest mass is zero or negligible compared to their energy, and therefore move at the speed of light or very close to it; the latter are particles whose kinetic energy is much lower than their rest mass and therefore move much slower than the speed of light. The intermediate case is not treated well analytically.
  • 920
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics
Thermodynamics and an Introduction to Thermostatistics is a textbook written by Herbert Callen that explains the basics of classical thermodynamics and discusses advanced topics in both classical and quantum frameworks. The textbook contains three parts, each building upon the previous. The first edition was published in 1960 and a second followed in 1985.
  • 316
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thermodynamic Potential
A thermodynamic potential (or more accurately, a thermodynamic potential energy) is a scalar quantity used to represent the thermodynamic state of a system. The concept of thermodynamic potentials was introduced by Pierre Duhem in 1886. Josiah Willard Gibbs in his papers used the term fundamental functions. One main thermodynamic potential that has a physical interpretation is the internal energy U. It is the energy of configuration of a given system of conservative forces (that is why it is called potential) and only has meaning with respect to a defined set of references (or data). Expressions for all other thermodynamic energy potentials are derivable via Legendre transforms from an expression for U. In thermodynamics, external forces, such as gravity, are typically disregarded when formulating expressions for potentials. For example, while all the working fluid in a steam engine may have higher energy due to gravity while sitting on top of Mount Everest than it would at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, the gravitational potential energy term in the formula for the internal energy would usually be ignored because changes in gravitational potential within the engine during operation would be negligible. In a large system under even homogeneous external force, like the earth atmosphere under gravity, the intensive parameters ([math]\displaystyle{ p, T, \rho }[/math]) should be studied locally having even in equilibrium different values in different places far from each other (see thermodynamic models of troposphere].
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Thermodynamic Insights into Symmetry Breaking
Symmetry breaking is a phenomenon that is observed in various contexts, from the early universe to complex organisms, and it is considered a key puzzle in understanding the emergence of life. The importance of this phenomenon is underscored by the prevalence of enantiomeric amino acids and proteins. The presence of enantiomeric amino acids and proteins highlights its critical role. However, the origin of symmetry breaking has yet to be comprehensively explained, particularly from an energetic standpoint.  Therefore, a novel approach is explored by considering energy dissipation, specifically the lost free energy, as a crucial factor in elucidating symmetry breaking. A comprehensive thermodynamic analysis applicable to all scales from elementary particles to aggregate structures such as crystals is performed, we present experimental evidence establishing a direct link between nonequilibrium free energy and energy dissipation during the formation of the structures. Results emphasize the pivotal role of energy dissipation, not only as an outcome but as the trigger for symmetry breaking. This insight suggests that understanding the origins of complex systems, from cells to living beings and the universe itself, requires a lens focused on nonequilibrium processes  
  • 317
  • 15 Apr 2024
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