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Topic Review
Neurofeedback and Neuromodulation
Neurofeedback is a non-invasive therapeutic approach that has gained traction in recent years, showing promising results for various neurological and psychiatric conditions. It involves real-time monitoring of brain activity, allowing individuals to gain control over their own brainwaves and improve cognitive performance or alleviate symptoms. The use of electroencephalography (EEG), such as brain–computer interface (BCI), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), has been instrumental in developing neurofeedback techniques.
  • 342
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Nemesis
Nemesis is a hypothesized companion object orbiting the Sun, motivated by the claim of a terrestrial extinction periodicity. Astronomer Percival Lowell in 1915 thought that some glitches in the orbit of Uranus might be caused by what he dubbed Planet X, and led to the discovery of Pluto in 1930. The existence of the object beyond Pluto may be able to explain the architecture of the Edgeworth–Kuiper Belt and a secular perihelion precession of Saturn. The Nemesis hypothesis has also been used to explain the measurements of the ages of 155 lunar spherules from the Apollo 14 site.
  • 172
  • 14 Jan 2024
Biography
Neil Gershenfeld
Neil A. Gershenfeld (born 1959 or 1960)[1] is an United States professor at MIT and the director of MIT's Center for Bits and Atoms, a sister lab to the MIT Media Lab. His research studies are predominantly focused in interdisciplinary studies involving physics and computer science, in such fields as quantum computing, nanotechnology, and personal fabrication. Gershenfeld attended Swarthmore Col
  • 511
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Negawatt Power
Negawatt power is a theoretical unit of power representing an amount of electrical power (measured in watts) saved. The energy saved is a direct result of energy conservation or increased energy efficiency. The term was coined by the chief scientist of the Rocky Mountain Institute and environmentalist Amory Lovins in 1985, within the article, "Saving Gigabucks with Negawatts," where he argued that utility customers don’t want kilowatt-hours of electricity; they want energy services such as hot showers, cold beer, lit rooms, and spinning shafts, which can come more cheaply if electricity is used more efficiently. Lovins felt an international behavioral change was necessary in order to decrease countries' dependence on excessive amounts of energy. The concept of a negawatt could influence a behavioral change in consumers by encouraging them to think about the energy that they spend. A negawatt market can be thought of as a secondary market, in which electricity is allocated from one consumer to another consumer within the energy market. In this market, negawatts could be treated as a commodity. Commodities have the ability to be traded across time and space, which would allow negawatts to be incorporated in the international trading system. Roughly 10% of all U.S. electrical generating capacity is in place to meet the last 1% of demand and there is where the immediate efficiency opportunity exists. On March 15, 2011, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), the agency that regulates the U.S. electrical grid, approved a rule establishing the approach to compensation for demand response resources intended to benefit customers and help improve the operation and competitiveness of organized wholesale energy markets. This means that negawatts produced by reducing electrical use can demand the same market prices as real megawatts of generated electricity. The incentives for a negawatt market include receiving money, reduction of national energy dependency, and the local electricity deregulation within certain nations or states. As for the cost incentive, those who produce negawatts or simply conserve energy can earn money by selling the saved energy. The negawatt market could help nations or states obtain a deregulated electricity system by creating another market to purchase electricity from. The negawatt market also has two main drawbacks. Currently, there is no way to precisely measure the amount of energy saved in negawatts, and electricity providers may not want customers to use less energy due to the loss of profit.
  • 7.4K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Neck-Tongue Syndrome
Neck-tongue syndrome (NTS) is rare, and characterized by unilateral upper neck or occipital pain and paresthesia in the ipsilateral hemisphere of the tongue due to neck movement. Treatment for NTS is mainly conservative. 
  • 625
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Nebra Sky Disk
The Nebra sky disk is a bronze disk of around 30 centimetres (11 3⁄4 in) diameter and a weight of 2.2 kilograms (4.9 lb), having a blue-green patina and inlaid with gold symbols. These symbols are interpreted generally as the Sun or full moon, a lunar crescent, and stars (including a cluster of seven stars interpreted as the Pleiades). Two golden arcs along the sides, interpreted to mark the angle between the solstices, were added later. A final addition was another arc at the bottom surrounded with multiple strokes (of uncertain meaning, variously interpreted as a solar barge with numerous oars, the Milky Way, or a rainbow). The disk has been attributed to a site in present-day Germany near Nebra, Saxony-Anhalt, and was originally dated by archaeologists to c. 1600 BCE. Researchers initially suggested the disk is an artifact of the Bronze Age Unetice culture, although a later dating to the Iron Age has been proposed as well. If its Bronze Age dating is accurate, the Nebra sky disk features the oldest concrete depiction of the cosmos yet known from anywhere in the world. In June 2013 it was included in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register and termed "one of the most important archaeological finds of the twentieth century."
  • 768
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Near-Infrared Graphene/Silicon Photodetectors
In recent years, graphene has attracted much interest due to its unique properties of flexibility, strong light-matter interaction, high carrier mobility and broadband absorption. In addition, graphene can be deposited on many substrates including silicon with which is able to form Schottky junctions, opening the path to the realization of near-infrared photodetectors based on the internal photoemission effect where graphene plays the role of the metal.
  • 1.0K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission
The Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission (NEOSM), formerly called Near-Earth Object Camera (NEOCam) is a planned space-based infrared telescope designed to survey the Solar System for potentially hazardous asteroids. The NEO Surveillance Mission will be carried out by the NEO Surveyor spacecraft, which will survey from the Sun–Earth L1 (inner) Lagrange point, allowing it to look close to the Sun and see objects inside Earth's orbit. The mission will be a successor to the NEOWISE mission; the principal investigator is also NEOWISE's principal investigator, Amy Mainzer at the University of Arizona. Since first proposed in 2006, the concept unsuccessfully competed repeatedly for NASA funding against science missions unrelated to planetary defense, despite a 2005 US Congressional directive to NASA. In 2019, it was decided to implement this mission by the Planetary Defense Coordination Office since it is a public safety issue. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory will lead development of the mission.
  • 476
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Near-Body Medical Devices Subject to Electromagnetic Field Perturbation
The disturbances caused by electromagnetic field (EMF) noise of medical devices used near living tissues, as well as the corresponding functional control via the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of these devices are analyzed. These are minimally invasive and non-ionizing devices allowing various healthcare actions involving monitoring, assistance, diagnoses and image-guided medical interventions.
  • 293
  • 07 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Near- and Mird-Infrared Spectroscopy
Given the exquisite capability of direct, non-destructive label-free sensing of molecular transitions, IR spectroscopy has become a ubiquitous and versatile analytical tool. IR application scenarios range from industrial manufacturing processes, surveillance tasks and environmental monitoring to elaborate evaluation of (bio)medical samples. Given recent developments in associated fields, IR spectroscopic devices increasingly evolve into reliable and robust tools for quality control purposes, for rapid analysis within at-line, in-line or on-line processes, and even for bed-side monitoring of patient health indicators. 
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Aug 2022
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