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Topic Review
Preparation of Rare-Earth-Ion-Doped High-Purity Glasses
The main source of impurities in the doped selenide glasses are rare-earth metals and their precursors (halides, chalcogenides). The total optical losses in glasses caused by impurities brought with rare-earth metals at a doping level of 1000 wt ppm can reach 10–85 dB/m.
  • 185
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Thermo-Mechanical Effects in the Dual Model of Liquids
The Dual Model of Liquids (DML) is a new mesoscopic model of liquids, whose validity and applicability was demonstrated in several cases. It is shown here that DML may even explain crossed effects of Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics (NET). According to DML, liquids are arranged on a mesoscopic scale by means of aggregates of molecules, or liquid particles. These structures share the liquid world with a population of lattice particles, i.e., elastic waves that interact with the liquid particles by means of an inertial force, allowing the mutual exchange of energy and momentum between the two populations. The hit particle relaxes the acquired energy and momentum due to the interaction, giving them back to the system a step forward and a time-lapse later, alike in a tunnel effect. The transport phenomena in liquids out of equilibrium have been studied since their discoveries, however, no firm theoretical interpretation exists yet. It is demonstrated that the DML may correctly model the thermodiffusion, in particular getting formal expressions for positive and negative Soret coefficient, and another “unexpected” mechano-thermal effect recently discovered in liquids submitted to shear strain, for which the first-ever theoretical interpretation is provided. Both applications of the DML are supported by the comparison with experimental data. The generality of the approach allows us to customize it for other non-equilibrium phenomena of NET.
  • 232
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Multiphoton Microscopy in Neuroscience
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) has emerged as a vital tool in neuroscience, enabling deeper imaging with a broader field of view, as well as faster and sub-cellular resolution.
  • 212
  • 29 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Surface- and Tip-Enhanced Raman Scattering
Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is of growing interest for a wide range of applications, especially for biomedical analysis, thanks to its sensitivity, specificity, and multiplexing capabilities. A crucial role for successful applications of SERS is played by the development of reproducible, efficient, and facile procedures for the fabrication of metal nanostructures (SERS substrates). Even more challenging is to extend the fabrication techniques of plasmonic nano-textures to atomic force microscope (AFM) probes to carry out tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) experiments, in which spatial resolution below the diffraction limit is added to the peculiarities of SERS.
  • 135
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mathematical and Logical Realism
According to Balaguer, only two views of the metaphysics of mathematics manage to adequately answer all objections: these are Platonic set theory (as a form of realism) and fictionalism (as a form of anti-realism). Balaguer takes a relatively reserved stance towards the dilemma that one of these two perspectives is correct through three epistemic conclusions: (a) there is no reason to believe or not believe in abstract mathematical objects, (b) it can never in principle have a reason to believe or not believe in abstract mathematical objects, or (c) there is no material fact that could determine between Platonic set theory and fictionalism, although both adequately answer all objections (except, in a way, the question of proving the existence of abstract mathematical objects). The first key question that divides the metaphysics of mathematics into two domains, is the question of whether mathematical theories represent truthful descriptions of some real part of the world. Realistic theories answer affirmatively, while anti-realistic theories answer negatively, claiming that mathematics has no ontology, or that its concepts are objectively empty. The question further divides the realist camp into two groups and is “are mathematical objects spatiotemporal?”. Platonic set theory answers negatively, while anti-Platonism answers affirmatively. The question further divides anti-Platonism into psychologism and physicalism and reads: “what is the nature of mathematical spatiotemporal objects?”. According to psychologism, the objects in question are mental objects, or mathematical statements represent truthful descriptions of mental objects, while according to physicalism, the subject of mathematical statements is non-mental parts of physical reality.
  • 205
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Nature-Inspired Chiral Structures
Diverse chiral structures observed in nature find applications across various domains, including engineering, chemistry, and medicine. Particularly notable is the optical activity inherent in chiral structures, which has emerged prominently in the field of optics. This phenomenon has led to a wide range of applications, encompassing optical components, catalysts, sensors, and therapeutic interventions.
  • 155
  • 16 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar
An extraordinary component of this mission is the “Lunar Regolith Penetrating Radar” (LRPR) housed within its lander, which currently stands as the most advanced payload in terms of vertical resolution among all penetrating radars employed in lunar exploration.
  • 251
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Excitation Threshold Reduction Theory in Organic Semiconductor Lasers
Organic semiconductor lasers have shown great application potential in various fields, such as low-cost sensing, high-performance lighting and display, and lab-on-a-chip devices. Since the introduction of organic lasers in the 1960s, research on semiconductor laser devices has expanded to include various materials and structures. The organic laser has attracted much attention due to its wide range of emission spectrum and simple synthesis and processing. 
  • 118
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
RMn2Hx Hydrides
Laves phases crystallize in simple structures and are very common intermetallic phases that can form from combinations of elements throughout the periodic table, giving a huge number of known examples. A special feature of AB2 or AB5 phases is the ability to absorb hydrogen.
  • 396
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Atmospheric Transparency at Candidate Sites for Sub-Millimeter-Wave Telescopes
Radio astronomical observations at millimeter and submillimeter wavelengths are a very important tool for astrophysical research. However, there is a huge area in northeastern Eurasia, including the whole Russian territory, which lacks sufficiently large radio telescopes effectively operating at these wavelengths. 
  • 191
  • 03 Nov 2023
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