Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Types of Membrane Vesicles Acting as Tumor Vaccines
Membrane vesicles, a group of nano- or microsized vesicles, can be internalized or interact with the recipient cells, depending on their parental cells, size, structure and content. Membrane vesicles fuse with the target cell membrane, or they bind to the receptors on the cell surface, to transfer special effects. Based on versatile features, they can modulate the functions of immune cells and therefore influence immune responses. In the field of tumor therapeutic applications, phospholipid-membrane-based nanovesicles attract increased interest. Academic institutions and industrial companies are putting in effort to design, modify and apply membrane vesicles as potential tumor vaccines contributing to tumor immunotherapy. 
  • 407
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Type I Photosensitizers Based on Aggregation-Induced Emission
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is emerging as a minimally invasive therapeutic modality with precise controllability and high spatiotemporal accuracy in the field of diseases treatment. PDT mainly relies on the photosensitizers (PSs) to generate oxidative reactive oxygen species (ROS), to play the therapeutic role. Type I photosensitizers, that undergo hydrogen atom abstraction or electron transfer manner and subsequently produce superoxide radical (O2•−), hydroxyl radical (OH•), or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), etc., is showing more and more prominent advantages, particularly in hypoxic tissues, since type I PSs-involved PDT usually exhibit distinctive hypoxia tolerance. Regarding the diverse type I PSs, aggregation-induced emission (AIE)-active type I PSs are currently arousing great research interest owing to their distinguished aggregation-induced emission and aggregation-induced generation of reactive oxygen species (AIE-ROS) features.
  • 489
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Type I AIE PSs for Antitumor Applications
In modern medicine, precision diagnosis and treatment using optical materials, such as fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging-guided photodynamic therapy (PDT), are becoming increasingly popular. Photosensitizers (PSs) are the most important component of PDT. Different from conventional PSs with planar molecular structures, which are susceptible to quenching effects caused by aggregation, the distinct advantages of AIE (aggregation-induced emission) fluorogens open up new avenues for the development of image-guided PDT with improved treatment accuracy and efficacy in practical applications. PDT has been actively used as a noninvasive treatment in clinical practice for some superficial skin cancers such as skin cancer and bladder cancer.  Although many PSs have been developed for tumor treatment, type II photosensitizers are predominant. Since type II photodynamic therapy is highly oxygen-dependent and its therapeutic effect on anaerobic tumors is inhibited, the development of low oxygen-dependent type I PDT can effectively mitigate this problem.
  • 452
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Theranostic Nanomaterials in Cancer
As the combination of therapies enhances the performance of biocompatible materials in cancer treatment, theranostic therapies are attracting increasing attention rather than individual approaches.
  • 566
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Two Grain Refinement Modes for Treating Metallic Materials
Metallic materials have been widely used as orthopedic implants in clinics for their good mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, but their slow osseointegration rate is still one of the main issues causing implantation failure. Grain refinement has recently attracted wide attention for its effective improvement of cell–material interaction for biometals.
  • 256
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Tumor Microenvironment of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is one of the leading causes of gynecologic malignancies. Despite treatment with surgery and chemotherapy, OvCa disseminates and recurs frequently, reducing the survival rate for patients. There is an urgent need to develop more effective treatment options for women diagnosed with OvCa. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a key driver of disease progression, metastasis and resistance to treatment. For this reason, 3D models have been designed to represent this specific niche and allow more realistic cell behaviors compared to conventional 2D approaches. 
  • 470
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Treatment Methods for Dye-Contaminated Effluents
Advancements in textile dyeing technologies have introduced novel categories of dyes that have deleterious effects on ecosystems. Primarily, azo dyes represent the majority of synthetic dyes employed in textiles and in the realms of culinary and miscellaneous applications. Traditionally, these dyes infiltrate the environment via discharged contaminated effluents such as wastewater from industrial facilities. The contaminated discharged effluent exerts a pervasive impact on ecosystems, engendering pernicious afflictions in both human and faunal populations. Several treatment methodologies are employed for the eradication of contaminants from natural water resources and wastewater, encompassing all phases within water and wastewater treatment infrastructures. The evolution of each treatment stage is intricately linked to the escalating demand for potable water of impeccable quality. Water treatment methods such as Coagulation and Flocculation, Photocatalytic Degradation, Ion Exchange, Electrochemical Technique, Membrane Filtration, Electrodialysis Process, Biodegradation Techniques, and Adsorption are covered in detail, alongside the impacts of bio-based activated carbon as an adsorbent for azo dye. 
  • 372
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Translational Formulation Technologies for Cancer-Therapy
Over the past few decades, the field of cancer therapy has seen a significant change in the way in which formulations are designed and developed, resulting in more efficient products that allow us to ultimately achieve improved drug bioavailability, efficacy, and safety. However, although many formulations have entered the market, many others have fallen by the wayside leaving the scientific community with several lessons to learn.
  • 599
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Trabecular Tantalum
Tantalum has known ever wider applications for the production of endosseous implantable devices in the orthopedic and dental fields. Its excellent performances are due to its capacity to stimulate new bone formation, thus improving implant integration and stable fixation. Tantalum’s mechanical features can be mainly adjusted by controlling its porosity thanks to a number of versatile fabrication techniques, which allow obtaining an elastic modulus similar to that of bone tissue, thus limiting the stress-shielding effect.
  • 285
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Toxicological Risks of the Cobalt–Chromium Alloys in Dentistry
Cobalt–chromium (Co-Cr) alloys have been used for a long period of time in dentistry, but several risk factors remain involved. The toxicological risk of Co-Cr dental alloys is actually a sensitive subject with the European regulatory changes, namely regulation (EU) 2017/745 and annex VI to the CLP regulation (EC) 1972/2008. Studies assessing Co-Cr dental alloys’ biocompatibility are urgently needed.
  • 1.7K
  • 22 Feb 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 64
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback