Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Hottest Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Type:
All Topic Review Biography
Topic Review
Allergy and Allergic Diseases Prevention
Prophylactic interventions for the prevention of allergic diseases differ depending on the timing and the stage in the ontogeny of the processes leading from sensitisation to clinical symptoms.  They can be divided into primary, secondary and tertiary prophylaxis.
  • 1.4K
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Alzheimer′s Disease Really Start
While Alzheimer’s disease (AD) classical diagnostic criteria rely on clinical data from a stablished symptomatic disease, newer criteria aim to identify the disease in its earlier stages. For that, they incorporated the use of AD’s specific biomarkers to reach a diagnosis, including the identification of Aβ and tau depositions, glucose hypometabolism, and cerebral atrophy. These biomarkers created a new concept of the disease, in which AD’s main pathological processes have already taken place decades before we can clinically diagnose the first symptoms. Therefore, AD is now considered a dynamic disease with a gradual progression, and dementia is its final stage. With that in mind, new models were proposed, considering the orderly increment of biomarkers and the disease as a continuum, or the variable time needed for the disease’s progression. In 2011, the National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association (NIA-AA) created separate diagnostic recommendations for each stage of the disease continuum—preclinical, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. However, new scientific advances have led them to create a unifying research framework in 2018 that, although not intended for clinical use as of yet, is a step toward shifting the focus from the clinical symptoms to the biological alterations and toward changing the future diagnostic and treatment possibilities. 
  • 832
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
AMD and the Complement System
Wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) is characterized by choroidal neovascularization (CNV), and it is the leading cause of blindness affecting elderly in the Western world. AMD is a complex disease that has strong associations with the complement system. All three initiating complement pathways may be relevant in CNV formation, but most evidence indicates a major role for the alternative pathway (AP) and for the terminal complement complex, as well as certain complement peptides generated upon complement activation. Since the complement system is associated with AMD and CNV, a complement inhibitor may be a therapeutic option for patients with wAMD. The aim of the review is to (i) reflect on the possible complement targets in the context of wAMD pathology, (ii) investigate the results of prior clinical trials with complement inhibitors for wAMD patients, and (iii) outline important considerations when developing a future strategy for the treatment of wAMD.
  • 413
  • 22 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Amyloid-like Aggregation as Common Cause of Diseases
Amyloids were conventionally referred to as extracellular and intracellular accumulation of Aβ42 peptide, which causes the formation of plaques and neurofibrillary tangles inside the brain leading to the pathogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease. Subsequently, amyloid-like deposition was found in the etiology of prion diseases, Parkinson’s disease, type II diabetes, and cancer, which was attributed to the aggregation of prion protein, α-Synuclein, islet amyloid polypeptide protein, and p53 protein, respectively. Hence, traditionally amyloids were considered aggregates formed exclusively by proteins or peptides. However, since the last decade, it has been discovered that other metabolites, like single amino acids, nucleobases, lipids, glucose derivatives, etc., have a propensity to form amyloid-like toxic assemblies. Several studies suggest direct implications of these metabolite assemblies in the patho-physiology of various inborn errors of metabolisms like phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia, cystinuria, and Gaucher’s disease, to name a few. 
  • 312
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis as a Non-Cell-Autonomous Disease: Multiple Roles of Transforming Growth Factor Beta
Transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) is a pleiotropic cytokine known to be dysregulated in many neurodegenerative disorders, including in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). TGFB and its signaling pathway play multiple physiological roles in the various cell types, which are affected in ALS pathogenesis. Data from literature and from our group also demonstrated a crucial role of TGFB in the etiology and progression of ALS, leading us to hypothesize that an imbalance of TGFB signaling, diminished at the pre-symptomatic stage and then increased with time, could be linked to ALS progression. A reduced stimulation of the TGFB pathway at the beginning of the disease blocks its neuroprotective effects and promotes glutamate excitotoxicity. At later disease stages, the persistent activation of the TGFB pathway promotes an excessive microglial activation and strengthens muscular dysfunctions. The article has been published on 10.3390/ijms21124291 
  • 654
  • 19 Jun 2020
Topic Review
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-negative
Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) is a subtype of T-cell lymphoma composed of large cells and a characteristic strong and diffuse expression of the activation marker CD30 (>75% of the cells). ALCL is composed of large epithelioid and anaplastic cells and cells with horseshoe-shaped nucleus (hallmark cells). This lymphoma is divided into two major groups based on the presence/absence of the rearrangement and of the expression of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) into ALK-positive and ALK-negative. The latter is currently classified into systemic, primary cutaneous, and breast implant-associated ALCL.
  • 592
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Anatomical Imaging Techniques for Skin Cancer Pathobiology
Early diagnosis is essential for completely eradicating skin cancer and maximizing patients’ clinical benefits. Emerging optical imaging modalities such as reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), near-infrared (NIR) bioimaging, positron emission tomography (PET), and their combinations provide non-invasive imaging data that may help in the early detection of cutaneous tumors and surgical planning. Hence, they seem appropriate for observing dynamic processes such as blood flow, immune cell activation, and tumor energy metabolism, which may be relevant for disease evIolution.
  • 153
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Angiogenesis Inhibitors for Colorectal Cancer
Targeting angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels, is an integral part of many cancer treatments, including colorectal cancer. The overall clinical benefit is well documented but modest. It has been an ongoing task for the last decade to isolate patient and tumor characteristics instrumental in identifying the subgroups to truly benefit; so far with limited success. The introduction of immunotherapy has opened a new era for anti-angiogenic treatment, as these two therapeutic strategies seem to work in synergy. This review will highlight the clinical achievements of anti-angiogenic treatment of colorectal cancer since 2004 and elaborate on the perspectives of combining it with immunotherapy.  
  • 453
  • 17 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Animal Model of Endometriosis
Endometriosis, a common gynecological disorder affecting around 10% of reproductive-age women, involves the growth of uterine tissue outside the uterus. Despite its long recognition, its underlying causes remain poorly understood. To study this complex condition, researchers have turned to animal models, particularly laboratory mice. These models, while cost-effective and genetically controllable, have limitations due to differences between mouse and human physiology, necessitating artificial induction of endometriosis. Innovative approaches, such as "fluorescent murine models," aid lesion identification and response assessment. Additionally, heterologous murine models involving human tissue transplantation offer insights but have their own limitations. Despite challenges, these models contribute significantly to endometriosis research, paving the way for potential treatments.
  • 151
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Animal Models in Corneal Pathologies
The eye is a complex sensory organ that enables visual perception of the world. The dysfunction of any of these tissues can impair vision. Conduction studies on laboratory animals are essential to ensure the safety of therapeutic products directly applied or injected into the eye to treat ocular diseases before eventually proceeding to clinical trials. Among these tissues, the cornea has unique homeostatic and regenerative mechanisms for maintaining transparency and refraction of external light, which are essential for vision. However, being the outermost tissue of the eye and directly exposed to the external environment, the cornea is particularly susceptible to injury and diseases. This review highlights the evidence for selecting appropriate animals to better understand and treat corneal diseases, which rank as the fifth leading cause of blindness worldwide. The development of reliable and human-relevant animal models is, therefore, a valuable research tool for understanding and translating fundamental mechanistic findings, as well as for assessing therapeutic potential in humans.
  • 126
  • 01 Dec 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 77
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Feedback