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Topic Review
UROD Gene
Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase.
  • 411
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Urine Peptidome
Urine is perhaps, of all biofluids, the one with greater potential in clinical peptidomics. Urinary proteins and peptides originate from the secretions of renal tubular epithelial cells, shedding of cells along the urinary tract, exosome secretion, and more importantly, from glomerular filtration of plasma. Therefore, beyond the renal system’s pathophysiological status, the urinary peptidome is influenced by systemic disturbances.
  • 603
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Urine HPV Testing
Urine HPV detection has the potential to become a most promising tool that could expand the possibilities in changing genital and cervical cancer prevention strategies as well as in the surveillance and management of genital precancer.
  • 401
  • 21 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Urinary Tract Infections and Microbiota
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) belong among the most common bacterial infections. They comprise the contamination of the periurethral space by specific uropathogens residing in the gut, followed by urethral colonization and pathogen ascension to the urinary bladder. Studying the association between gut microbiota and subsequent development of bacteriuria and UTI is of great interest and importance. Nevertheless, with discovering a multifaceted, symbiotic microbiome in the healthy urogenital tract, the well-established diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the urinary tract infections (UTIs) need to be re-assessed. Precisely, emerging data suggest that vaginal dysbiosis may result in Escherichia coli colonization and prompt recurrent UTIs. At the same time, urinary microbiome perturbations may precede UTIs' development and other pathologic conditions of the urinary system. Therefore, by the thoroughly assessment of specific gut, urinary tract, and genital tract microbiomes regarding their potential influence on UTI development, knowledge for the incidence reduction and new treatment approaches will be obtained.
  • 664
  • 21 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Urinary Tract Infection
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common bacterial infection of the urethra, bladder, ureters, and the kidneys. A diagnosis of a positive UTI is any pathogen with a bacterial load of greater than 100,000 CFU/mL in the urine. A bacterial load under 100,000 CFU/mL is considered a negative UTI result. Escherichia coli (E.coli) is the most common pathogen that infects the urinary tract.
  • 7.1K
  • 10 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Urinary Peptides in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Analysis of the urine samples was performed by capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS). Peptide sequences were obtained and 31 specific peptide markers for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were identified and further integrated into a multivariate classification model. The discovered urinary peptides offered a potential noninvasive tool for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.  
  • 423
  • 25 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Urinary Incontinence
Urinary incontinence (UI), also known as involuntary urination, is any uncontrolled leakage of urine. It is a common and distressing problem, which may have a large impact on quality of life. It has been identified as an important issue in geriatric health care. The term enuresis is often used to refer to urinary incontinence primarily in children, such as nocturnal enuresis (bed wetting). UI is an example of a stigmatized medical condition, which creates barriers to successful management and makes the problem worse. People may be too embarrassed to seek medical help, and attempt to self-manage the symptom in secrecy from others. Pelvic surgery, pregnancy, childbirth, and menopause are major risk factors. Urinary incontinence is often a result of an underlying medical condition but is under-reported to medical practitioners. There are four main types of incontinence: Treatments include pelvic floor muscle training, bladder training, surgery, and electrical stimulation. Behavioral therapy generally works better than medication for stress and urge incontinence. The benefit of medications is small and long term safety is unclear. Urinary incontinence is more common in older women.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Urinary EVs in kidney-related diseases
Intercellular communication governs multicellular interactions in complex organisms. A variety of mechanisms exist through which cells can communicate, e.g., cell-cell contact, the release of paracrine/autocrine soluble molecules, or the transfer of extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are membrane-surrounded structures released by almost all cell types, acting both nearby and distant from their tissue/organ of origin. In the kidney, EVs are potent intercellular messengers released by all urinary system cells and are involved in cell crosstalk, contributing to physiology and pathogenesis. Moreover, urine is a reservoir of EVs coming from the circulation after crossing the glomerular filtration barrier—or originating in the kidney. Thus, urine represents an alternative source for biomarkers in kidney-related diseases, potentially replacing standard diagnostic techniques, including kidney biopsy. 
  • 439
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Urinary Bladder Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Urinary bladder neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are classified into well-differentiated NENs, small-cell NENs, large-cell NENs, and paragangliomas.
  • 646
  • 13 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Urinary Biomarkers for Bladder Cancer
Blue light cystoscopy (BLC) is the most recent clinical approach in the detection and diagnosis of bladder cancer, a common type of cancer with a high rate of recurrence. Representing a significant advance over previous approaches, this photodynamic diagnostic technique uses a photosensitiser prodrug as an adjunct to white light cystoscopy to enhance the in vivo detection of malignant tissues in the bladder based on their distinctive fluorescence. Whilst it does improve detection rates, BLC remains an invasive and costly procedure. Meanwhile, a variety of noninvasive urine detection methods and related microdevices have been developed.  In the following section, we provide the current context for urinary biomarker testing, including commercially available tests and recent development involving microdevices.
  • 1.6K
  • 27 Oct 2020
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