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Topic Review
Antibacterial Phytochemicals Identified in Food Wastes
Plants produce a variety of secondary metabolites, making them an area of interest in the search for new phytochemicals to cope with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). A great part of agri-food waste is of plant origin, constituting a promising source of valuable compounds with different bioactivities, including those against antimicrobial resistance. Many types of phytochemicals, such as carotenoids, tocopherols, glucosinolates, and phenolic compounds, are widely present in plant by-products, such as citrus peels, tomato waste, and wine pomace. 
  • 421
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Sugar Beet Cultivation in the Tropics and Subtropics
Sugar beet, an important sugar crop, is particularly cultivated in humid regions to produce beet sugar, fulfilling about 25% of the world’s sugar requirement, supplementing cane sugar. 
  • 332
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Molecular Breeding to Develop HMT Tolerance in Rice
Heavy metal toxicity generally refers to the negative impact on the environment, humans, and other living organisms caused by exposure to heavy metals (HMs). Heavy metal poisoning is the accumulation of HMs in the soft tissues of organisms in a toxic amount. HMs bind to certain cells and prevent organs from functioning. Agricultural experts have expressed interest in further investigating the underlying mechanisms that allow plants to resist HM toxicity. Given a thorough understanding of HM transport and deposition in various plant organelles, researchers have proposed a number of experimental methods using innovative molecular approaches that can assist rice plants develop HM tolerance. In particular, detoxification, transport, and/or sequestration are the primary objectives of HM control techniques. Fluid transport from roots to other plant parts involves water transpiration, root pressure, cation exchange in the cell walls of xylem vessels, formation of complexes with amino acids (Cu), histidine, peptides (Ni), and chelates with organic acids (Zn). Accordingly, the concentrations of most HMs gradually decreased with distance from the root. These elements are transported inside the plant by cell wall charge interactions and the formation of soluble organic complexes in the sap.
  • 414
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Multifaceted Applications in One Health and the Achievement of Sustainable Development Goals
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), a yeast with an extensive history in food and beverage fermentations, is increasingly acknowledged for its multifaceted application in promoting and benefiting all aspects of a ‘One Health’ approach, including the prevention and control of zoonoses. For instance, SC contributes to environmentally sustainable agricultural practices through the reduced use of toxic agents, thus minimizing air and soil pollution while enhancing crop quality. Additionally, this versatile yeast can improve the health of domestic and farm animals, leading to more efficient and sustainable food production, while fostering synergistic impacts across environmental, animal, and human health spheres. Moreover, SC directly applies benefits to human health by promoting improved nutrition, improving gut health through probiotics, as an alternative to antibiotics, and treating gastric disorders. By aligning with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), SC is vital in advancing global health and well-being, environmental sustainability, and responsible consumption and production. This entry illustrates the numerous benefits of SC and highlights its significant impact on a global ‘One Health’ scale, promoting the achievement of SDGs through its unique characteristics and deeper understanding of its contribution to the One Health concept.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Spinal Cord Injury
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising option for developing new treatments for spinal cord injury (SCI). They can help repair damaged tissue, making them an exciting area of research in regenerative medicine. It is important to study the safety, effectiveness, and best ways to use MSC-based therapies while addressing challenges in bringing these treatments to the clinic. Challenges include finding the best source of MSCs, determining when and how to administer them, and creating standardized methods for handling MSCs.
  • 262
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Avian Sex Reversal
Sex determination and differentiation are processes by which a bipotential gonad adopts either a testicular or ovarian cell fate, and secondary sexual characteristics adopt either male or female developmental patterns. In birds, although genetic factors control the sex determination program, sex differentiation is sensitive to hormones, which can induce sex reversal when disturbed. Although these sex-reversed birds can form phenotypes opposite to their genotypes, none can experience complete sex reversal or produce offspring under natural conditions. Promising evidence indicates that the incomplete sex reversal is associated with cell autonomous sex identity (CASI) of avian cells, which is controlled by genetic factors. 
  • 816
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Role of RONSS on the Biostimulation of Plant
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), and H2S-reactive sulfur species (RSS) collectively termed reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species (RONSS), constitute a conglomerate of reactions that function as an energy dissipation mechanism, in addition to allowing environmental signals to be transduced into cellular information. This information, in the form of proteins with posttranslational modifications or signaling metabolites derived from RONSS, serves as an inducer of many processes for redoxtasis and metabolic adjustment to the changing environmental conditions to which plants are subjected. Although it is thought that the role of reactive chemical species was originally energy dissipation, during evolution they seem to form a cluster of RONSS that, in addition to dissipating excess excitation potential or reducing potential, also fulfils essential signaling functions that play a vital role in the stress acclimation of plants. Signaling occurs by synthesizing many biomolecules that modify the activity of transcription factors and through modifications in thiol groups of enzymes. The result is a series of adjustments in plants’ gene expression, biochemistry, and physiology. The action of RONSS as signaling agents in Biostimulation is discussed. 
  • 332
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Olfactory Bulb in Companion Animals
The Olfactory Bulb is a component of the Olfactory System, in which it plays an essential role as an interface between the peripheral components and the cerebral cortex responsible for olfactory interpretation and discrimination. It is in this element that the first selective integration of olfactory stimuli occurs through a complex cell interaction that forwards the received olfactory information to higher cortical centers. 
  • 389
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Evaluation of Cowpea Landraces under a Mediterranean Climate
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) yield is a crop strongly influenced by environmental conditions. Average seed yield can decrease to a great extent when drought conditions occur, especially when they prevail during flowering and seed filling periods. Identifying genotypes presenting yield stability is one of the most important breeding goals. Local varieties or crop landraces are genetic resources that, despite exhibiting intermediate yield production capacity, present high yield stability in low-input cropping systems.In the countries around the Mediterranean basin, a remarkable number of cowpea landraces are still cultivated on a small scale by farmers mainly for their own use and consumption. These landraces could serve as important sources of adaptive traits and resistance to drought for the upcoming climatic change. However, the evaluation of cowpea landrace material originated from Southern European countries is considered limited in proportion to the number of local varieties that are available. Efforts are therefore made to evaluate more cowpea landraces originated from countries around Meditteranean sea in order to be later included in breeding programs. 
  • 278
  • 16 May 2023
Topic Review
Collagen Antimicrobial Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering Applications
A fibrous, non-soluble protein, collagen, is one of the most studied biopolymers for the development of antimicrobial biomaterials owing to its superior physicochemical, biomechanical, and biological properties. 
  • 567
  • 16 May 2023
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