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Topic Review
Stonefish: venom components, pathology, distribution
There are five species of stonefish within the genus Synanceia: Synanceia horrida (previously referred to as S. trachynis), S. verrucosa, S. alula, S. nana and S. platyrhyncha. Synanceia spp. can grow 35–50 cm in length and have evolved grey and mottled skin to camouflage themselves amongst encrusted rocks and coral for predation and defense. Synanceia species have up to 15 dorsal fin spines that are erected when the fish is disturbed. Stings from this medically important group of fish are known to cause painful and lethal human envenomations. Stonefish are regarded as one of the most venomous fish in the world. Research on stonefish venom has chiefly focused on the in vitro and in vivo neurological, cardiovascular, cytotoxic and nociceptive effects of the venom.
  • 9.5K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Stoat
The Stoat (Mustela erminea), also known as the short-tailed weasel, is a small carnivorous mammal belonging to the Mustelidae family. Characterized by its slender body, short legs, and distinctive white winter coat with a black-tipped tail, the stoat is found in various habitats across North America, Europe, and Asia. As an agile predator, the stoat preys on a wide range of small mammals, birds, and insects, utilizing its keen senses and swift movements to hunt and capture its prey.
  • 517
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
STN DBS under General Anesthesia
Bilateral subthalamic nucleus (STN) Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established treatment in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Traditionally, STN DBS for PD is performed by using microelectrode recording (MER) and/or intraoperative macrostimulation under local anesthesia (LA). However, many patients cannot tolerate the long operation time under LA without medication. In addition, it cannot be even be performed on PD patients with poor physical and neurological condition. Recently, it has been reported that STN DBS under general anesthesia (GA) can be successfully performed due to the feasible MER under GA, as well as the technical advancement in direct targeting and intraoperative imaging.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
STK11 Gene
Serine/threonine kinase 11: The STK11 gene (also called LKB1) provides instructions for making an enzyme called serine/threonine kinase 11.
  • 401
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Stingless Bee-Collected Pollen
Stingless Bee-collected pollen is a mixture of bee pollen, bee salivary enzymes, and regurgitated honey, fermented by indigenous microbes during storage in the cerumen pot. This review provides knowledge on stingless bee collected pollen, its nutrient and microbes for application in the food and pharmaceutical industries 
  • 1.8K
  • 12 Apr 2021
Topic Review
STING1 Gene
Stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1: The STING1 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is involved in immune system function. 
  • 407
  • 22 Dec 2020
Topic Review
STING Agonists/Antagonists
The cGAS STING pathway has received much attention in recent years, and it has been recognized as an important component of the innate immune response. Since the discovery of STING and that of cGAS, many observations based on preclinical models suggest that the faulty regulation of this pathway is involved in many type I IFN autoinflammatory disorders. 
  • 339
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING)
The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an adaptor protein involved in the activation of IFN-β and many other genes associated with the immune response activation in vertebrates. STING induction has gained attention from different angles such as the potential to trigger an early immune response against different signs of infection and cell damage, or to be used as an adjuvant in cancer immune treatments. Pharmacological control of aberrant STING activation can be used to mitigate the pathology of some autoimmune diseases. The STING structure has a well-defined ligand binding site that can harbor natural ligands such as specific purine cyclic di-nucleotides (CDN). In addition to a canonical stimulation by CDNs, other non-canonical stimuli have also been described, but the exact mechanism of some of them has not been well defined.
  • 528
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
STIM1/Orai1-Mediated SOCE
Store-operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE), also known as capacitive calcium entry (CCE), consists in a Ca2+influx downstream of ER/SR Ca2+stores and it is a pivotal mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium homeostasis. The concept of SOCE was first postulated by Putney in 1986 who demonstrated that in salivary gland cells the depletion of internal Ca2+stores controlled the extent of Ca2+influx.
  • 445
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
STIM1 in Regulation of Cardiac Energy Substrate Preference
The heart requires a variety of energy substrates to maintain proper contractile function. Glucose and long-chain fatty acids (FA) are the major cardiac metabolic substrates under physiological conditions. Upon stress, a shift of cardiac substrate preference toward either glucose or FA is associated with cardiac diseases. For example, in pressure-overloaded hypertrophic hearts, there is a long-lasting substrate shift toward glucose, while in hearts with diabetic cardiomyopathy, the fuel is switched toward FA. Stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), a well-established calcium (Ca2+) sensor of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ store, is increasingly recognized as a critical player in mediating both cardiac hypertrophy and diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, the cause–effect relationship between STIM1 and glucose/FA metabolism and the possible mechanisms by which STIM1 is involved in these cardiac metabolic diseases are poorly understood.
  • 405
  • 31 Aug 2023
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