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Topic Review
Secondary Metabolite Production in Plants
Plants, being sessile organisms, face potential threats from environmental or pathogenic stressors. These stresses can lead to osmotic imbalances, physiological and biochemical changes, and cellular dehydration, ultimately resulting in the death of the affected plant. To defend themselves, plants have evolved three different response mechanisms. Ephemeral desert plants respond by avoiding stress by regulating their life cycle, as the fragile plants lack effective mechanisms to survive stress, while resistant plants respond with efficient defensive mechanisms to counter various stresses. This defensive system is modulated by plants through alterations and modifications in membrane structure, cell cycle and division remodelling, changes in photosynthetic activity, conductance, and transpiration rates, which collectively affect growth, metabolic activity, and the physiology of metabolic compounds.
  • 259
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pathogenesis of Visceral Leishmaniasis
Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis (VL), is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum and L. donovani. Patients experience symptoms such as fever, weight loss, paleness, and enlarged liver and spleen. The disease also affects immunosuppressed individuals and has an overall mortality rate of up to 10%.
  • 481
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
mTOR and Gut Microbiota in Various Diseases
The mammalian or mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates multiple intracellular and extracellular upstream signals involved in the regulation of anabolic and catabolic processes in cells and plays a key regulatory role in cell growth and metabolism. The activation of the mTOR signaling pathway has been reported to be associated with a wide range of human diseases. A growing number of in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that gut microbes and their complex metabolites can regulate host metabolic and immune responses through the mTOR pathway and result in disorders of host physiological functions.
  • 255
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Potential of Microalgal Biostimulants for Sustainable Agricultural Practices
Plant biostimulants have long been considered an important source of plant growth stimulants in agronomy and agro-industries with both macroalgae (seaweeds) and microalgae (microalgae). There has been extensive exploration of macroalgae biostimulants.
  • 329
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pim Kinases
Pim Kinases; Pim-1, Pim-2, and Pim-3, are a family of constitutively active serine/threonine kinases, widely associated with cell survival, proliferation, and migration. Historically considered to be functionally redundant, independent roles for the individual isoforms have been described. Whilst most established for their role in cancer progression, there is also increasing evidence for wider pathological roles of Pim kinases within the context of cardiovascular disease, including inflammation, thrombosis, and cardiac injury.
  • 451
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Earlier Studies of Zanubrutinib in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Due to improved selectivity and favorable toxicity profiles, the next-generation Bruton’s tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKis) are replacing ibrutinib in the treatment of B-cell malignancies including chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). While efficacy between different BTKi agents is probably similar, there are important differences in toxicity profiles (including lower incidences of cardiovascular complications) that favor the choice of second-generation BTKis such as zanubrutinib.
  • 263
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Systems Immunology Approach for Tumor Microenvironment
The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and dynamic system that plays a critical role in cancer development and progression. It consists of a variety of cell types, including cancer cells, immune cells, and stromal cells (fibroblasts and endothelial cells), as well as extracellular matrix components and signaling molecules.
  • 284
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Microplastics and Nanoplastics in Agroecosystems enhance AMR
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are hotspots for the exchange of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) between different bacterial taxa in the environment. Propagation of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health issue that needs special attention concerning horizontal gene transfer (HGT) under micro-nano plastics (MNPs) pressure. Interactions between MNPs and microbes, or mere persistence of MNPs in the environment (either water or soil), influence microbial gene expressions, affecting autochthonous microbiomes, their resistomes, and the overall ecosystem.
  • 269
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Origin of Ugrians
Both genetic and archaeological data indicate the admixture of the Mezhovskaya population with northern forest hunters in the late Bronze Age, which gave rise to a “proto-Ugric” community. This finding is consistent with the linguistic reconstruction of the proto-Ugric language. Genetic data indicate an admixture of proto-Hungarians with early Sarmatians and early Huns, and the first admixture can be reconciled with the formation of the Gorokhovo culture and its integration into the early Sarmatian Prokhorovka culture, while the second admixture corresponds to the transformation of the Sargat and Sarmatian cultures due to Xiongnu invasions.
  • 792
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cell-Type Annotation
Multicellular organisms consist of cells that can be categorized by their function and morphology. Single-cell transcriptomics makes it possible to individually profile thousands of cells in multiple tissues and organisms within a single experiment. Determining and labeling cell types or states in single cell transcriptomic data is known as cell-type annotation or identification. Several methods are employed for cell-type annotation, including signature scoring, supervised learning, cell-integration-based label transfer, and semi-supervised annotation. Considering the lineage relationships among cell types, hierarchical classification methods are crucial for accurately identifying cell types and subtypes at an optimal clustering resolution. The use of well-curated reference datasets, implementation of quality control measures, and careful consideration of cluster resolutions heavily influence the reliability of cell-type annotation. The aim of cell-type annotation is to gain insights into cell heterogeneity in various biological processes and diseases, with the potential to drive improvements in therapeutic interventions.
  • 596
  • 08 Aug 2023
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