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Topic Review
The Photo Ark
The Photo Ark is a National Geographic project which has the goal of photographing all species living in zoos and wildlife sanctuaries around the globe in order to inspire action to save wildlife. The project has been documented in a series of books and in a three-part documentary first shown on PBS and then released to home video. A selection of photographs from the project has been exhibited in various museums, zoos, and exhibition halls around the world. The documentary, RARE: Creatures of The Photo Ark, was awarded the Best Conservation Film award in 2018.
  • 392
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Phenomenon of Ash Dieback
Common ash F. excelsior is a species with demanding soil requirements, needing fertile, moist sites with neutral pH. For many years, common ash was considered a species resistant to diseases, including pathogenic oomycetes of the genus Phytophthora. 
  • 350
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The PD-1/PD-L1 Pathway
Binding of the immune checkpoint programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) to its ligand programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) downregulates the adaptive immune response. PD-L1 is regularly expressed by antigen presenting cells. During an acute immune response, effector T cells transiently upregulate PD-1. In contrast, chronic immune stimulation leads to continuous expression of PD-1 on effector T cells. The latter also occurs in the tumor microenvironment, where PD-L1 can be expressed by tumor cells. The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is an excellent example for the clinical application of biomarker research in the context of comparative immuno-oncology. Initial comparator studies on this pathway were mainly conducted on cells and tissues derived from mice and humans. This resulted in the discovery of anti PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 immune checkpoint therapy that is widely applied for the treatment of human cancers. The use of monoclonal antibodies directed against PD-1 or PD-L1 as therapeutic agents restores the anti-cancer immune response. In recent years, investigations on these molecules have been extended to canine cancers and confirm the expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in several canine tumors. Whether immune checkpoint therapy may be a possible treatment option for those canine cancers remains to be revealed in future clinical trials.
  • 772
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Patient-Derived Cancer Organoids
The cancer burden is rapidly increasing in most countries, and thus, new anticancer drugs for effective cancer therapy must be developed. Cancer model systems that recapitulate the biological processes of human cancers are one of the cores of the drug development process. PDCO has emerged as a unique model that preserves the genetic, physiological, and histologic characteristics of original cancer, including inter- and intratumoral heterogeneities. 
  • 601
  • 27 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The Pathophysiology of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterized by a wide-ranging set of symptoms including but not limited to intrusive and distressing memories, dissociative reactions, and serious psychological distress in response to stimuli that resemble a previously experienced traumatic event. 
  • 548
  • 26 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Pathology of Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by a loss of dopaminergic neurons, leading to bradykinesia, rigidity, tremor at rest, and postural instability, as well as non-motor symptoms such as olfactory impairment, pain, autonomic dysfunction, impaired sleep, fatigue, and behavioral changes. 
  • 949
  • 23 Feb 2021
Topic Review
The Pathogenic Mechanisms of Endometriosis
Endometriosis (EMS), characterized by the presence of endometrial stromal and glandular tissue outside the uterine cavity, is a relatively common gynecologic disease affecting about 10% of women of reproductive age. While the symptoms of EMS can vary, clinical manifestations such as pelvic pain, heavy or irregular menstrual bleeding, and gastrointestinal symptoms are frequently observed. Apart from the physical discomfort, EMS has been well noticed in infertility.
  • 234
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Passage of H2O2 during Retrograde Signalling
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), generated during photosynthesis, is proposed to both initiate and transduce a retrograde signal in response to photoinhibitory light intensities.
  • 426
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
The Parasitic or Symbiotic Lifestyle of CPR Bacteria
Candidate Phyla Radiation (CPR) bacteria is a bacterial division composed mainly of candidate phyla bacteria with ultra-small cell sizes, streamlined genomes, and limited metabolic capacity, which are generally considered to survive in a parasitic or symbiotic manner.
  • 524
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
The Oxytonic Contraction
The oxytonic contraction: in our model of cold stress, the extreme low temperature increases Oxytocin receptor (Oxtr) in PVN and at the tissue levels in the soleus muscle but drive the decrease of Oxytocin (Oxt) in plasma. The increase of Oxt in bone balance the decrease of plasmatic Oxt. This mechanism triggers the oxytonic contractions that potentiate the slow-twitch muscle to ensure the proper physical reaction to challenging situations.
  • 629
  • 08 Feb 2021
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