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Topic Review
Nanoparticle Formulation and pH-Responsive Release Mechanism
Dental caries is a common and costly multifactorial biofilm disease caused by cariogenic bacteria that ferment carbohydrates to lactic acid, demineralizing the inorganic component of teeth. Therefore, low pH (pH 4.5) is a characteristic signal of the localised carious environment, compared to a healthy oral pH range (6.8 to 7.4). The development of pH-responsive delivery systems that release antibacterial agents in response to low pH has gained attention as a targeted therapy for dental caries. Release is triggered by high levels of acidogenic species and their reduction may select for the establishment of health-associated biofilm communities. 
  • 221
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Role of Melatonin in Directing Plant Physiology
Melatonin (MT), a naturally occurring compound, is found in various species worldwide. In 1958, it was first identified in the pineal gland of dairy cows. MT is an “old friend” but a “new compound” for plant biology. It brings experts and research minds from the broad field of plant sciences due to its considerable influence on plant systems. The MT production process in plants and animals is distinct, where it has been expressed explicitly in chloroplasts and mitochondria in plants. Tryptophan acts as the precursor for the formation of phyto-melatonin, along with intermediates including tryptamine, serotonin, N-acetyl serotonin, and 5-methoxy tryptamine. It plays a vital role in growth phases such as the seed germination and seedling growth of crop plants. MT significantly impacts the gas exchange, thereby improving physio-chemical functions in plant systems. During stress, the excessive generation and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) causes protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, nucleic acid damage, and enzyme inhibition. Because it directly acts as an antioxidant compound, it awakens the plant antioxidant defense system during stress and reduces the production of ROS, which results in decreasing cellular oxidative damage. MT can enhance plant growth and development in response to various abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, high temperature, flooding, and heavy metals by regulating the antioxidant mechanism of plants.
  • 420
  • 17 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Emerging Proteomic Technologies for Accelerating Development of Senotherapeutics
The accumulation of senescent cells is now widely known to be a driver of aging and many age-related pathologies, such as neurodegeneration and type 2 diabetes, among others. Targeting senescent cells for selective removal or altering the proteins they release are promising therapeutic strategies against age-related diseases. However, the biology of senescent cells is complex, dynamic, and heterogeneous. In order to better identify pathology-driving senescent cells and develop therapies to alter their complex biology or drive them toward cell death, a detailed and comprehensive understanding of senescence-associated proteins and the mechanisms that enable senescent cells to evade cell death is required. Major developments in proteomic workflows over the past decade have enabled an increasingly comprehensive, quantitative, and specific molecular profiling and interrogation of cellular mechanisms.
  • 216
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Biologically Converted Agricultural Byproducts in Chicken Nutrition
 Agricultural and agro-industrial activities generate thousands of tons of byproducts. Converting these agricultural byproducts into valuable entities would be an environmentally friendly, sustainable, and viable part of byproduct management. Upon recycling to make new products, the process contributes to socio-economic value and maintaining environmental health and paves the way for realizing energy security and a circular economy.
  • 302
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Estrogen Signaling in Breast Cancer
Estrogens, belonging to a group of steroid compounds, play an important role in both physiological and disease processes, mainly by interacting with estrogen receptors (ERs). Abnormal ER signaling may result in various cancers, including breast cancer (BC), one of the most often diagnosed cancers in women globally, and a second cause of female cancer-related death.
  • 184
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Engineering of Yeast for Bioethanol Production
Increased human population and the rapid decline of fossil fuels resulted in a global tendency to look for alternative fuel sources. Ethanol has been the primary fossil fuel alternative due to its low carbon emission rates, high octane content and comparatively facile microbial production processes. As a well-known platform microorganism and native ethanol producer, baker’s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been the primary subject of interest for both academic and industrial perspectives in terms of enhanced ethanol production processes. Metabolic engineering strategies have been primarily adopted for direct manipulation of genes of interest responsible in mainstreams of ethanol metabolism. To overcome limitations of rational metabolic engineering, an alternative bottom-up strategy called inverse metabolic engineering has been widely used. In this context, evolutionary engineering, also known as adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE), which is based on random mutagenesis and systematic selection, is a powerful strategy to improve bioethanol production of S. cerevisiae. Metabolic and evolutionary engineering strategies are intertwined and many metabolically engineered strains for bioethanol production can be further improved by powerful evolutionary engineering strategies as well as the recent advancements in directed genome evolution, including CRISPR-Cas9 technology.
  • 204
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic Regulation in Nitrogen Responses
Nitrogen (N) is a crucial nutrient that plays a significant role in enhancing crop yield. Its availability, including both supply and deficiency, serves as a crucial signal for plant development. The recent advances in understanding how epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, histone modification, and small RNA, participate in the regulation of N response and LN adaptation were discussed here. Decoding the epigenome at various levels could accelerate the functional study of how plants respond to N availability. Understanding the epigenetic control of N signaling and adaptation can lead to new strategies to improve NUE and enhance crop productivity sustainably
  • 259
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Plant Stomata
Stomata are crucial structures in plants that play a primary role in the infection process during a pathogen’s attack, as they act as points of access for invading pathogens to enter host tissues.
  • 236
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Fractalkine/CX3CR1 in Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a cardiac condition with structural and functional impairment, where either the left ventricle or both ventricular chambers are enlarged, coinciding with reduced systolic pump function (reduced ejection fraction, rEF). The prevalence of DCM is more than 1:250 individuals, and mortality largely due to heart failure in two-third of cases, and sudden cardiac death in one-third of patients. Damage to the myocardium, whether from a genetic or environmental cause such as viruses, triggers inflammation and recruits immune cells to the heart to repair the myocardium. Examination of myocardial biopsy tissue often reveals an inflammatory cell infiltrate, T lymphocyte (T cell) infiltration, or other activated immune cells. Despite medical therapy, adverse outcomes for DCM remain. The evidence base and existing literature suggest that upregulation of CX3CR1, migration of immune cells, together with cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity is associated with worse outcomes in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.
  • 229
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Epithelioid Haemangioendothelioma
Epithelioid haemangioendothelioma (EHE) is an ultra-rare malignant vascular tumour with a prevalence of 1 per 1,000,000. It develops from endothelial cells, which are the cells that line all blood vessels in the body. Therefore, it typically expresses endothelial cell markers. It can also be identified through analysis of the genes. Two genes, WWTR1 and CAMTA1, are broken and fused together in 90% of cases. Alternatively, in approximately 10% of cases, the genes that are broken and fused together are YAP1 and TFE3. 
  • 279
  • 16 Oct 2023
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