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Topic Review
TNF Receptor Associated Factor-2 in Immune Signaling Pathways
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor-2 (TRAF2) is an intracellular adapter protein with E3 ligase activity, which interacts with a plethora of other signaling proteins, including plasma membrane receptors, kinases, phosphatases, other E3 ligases, and deubiquitinases. TRAF2 is involved in various cancer-relevant cellular processes, such as the activation of transcription factors of the NFκB family, stimulation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascades, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling, autophagy, and the control of cell death programs. In a context-dependent manner, TRAF2 promotes tumor development but it can also act as a tumor suppressor.
  • 478
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
TNF Axis in Therapies of COVID-19
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is one of the most critical pro-inflammatory cytokines of the innate immune response and mediates pleiotropic effects, which implies action on diverse cells subpopulations to mediate a wide range of activities such as the production of inflammatory mediators, cell proliferation, and cell death. TNF is produced by macrophages, T-, B- NK-, dendritic cells, and fibroblasts. TNF is a versatile cytokine that acts as an alarm system in host defense, appearing in the first few minutes of damage.
  • 501
  • 01 Aug 2022
Topic Review
TNF
TNF is a gene that plays an essential role in the body, it affects both immune response and inflammation. The gene encodes a protein called tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) [1].
  • 1.8K
  • 05 Nov 2020
Topic Review
TNBS-Induced Colitis in Brief
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) encompasses a group of chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. To advance our understanding of IBD pathogenesis and develop effective treatments, reliable experimental models are essential. Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis is one such model that has significantly contributed to our comprehension of mucosal immune responses and potential therapeutic interventions. This research explores the utility of the TNBS-induced colitis model, encompassing its methods of induction, histopathological features, immune responses, and applications in drug development. While this model offers valuable insights into IBD, it presents certain limitations that researchers must consider. By providing an in-depth analysis of TNBS-induced colitis, this research highlights its significance in advancing IBD research and the quest for improved therapies.
  • 476
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
TNAP in Central Nervous System
Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) is an ectoenzyme bound to the plasma membranes of numerous cells via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety. TNAP is one of many proteins localized to Brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs), and is highly abundant in human and rodent cerebral microvessels [33]. There are four alkaline phosphatase (AP) isoenzymes in humans and they include: TNAP, germ cell alkaline phosphatase (GCAP), intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP), and placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP). Although TNAP is ubiquitous in many tissue, it is most highly expressed in bone, liver, intestine, kidney, and brain, while the three other AP isoenzymes are expressed in the tissues for which they are named. TNAP is also highly expressed in cerebral microvessels.
  • 977
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
TMPRSS6 Gene
Transmembrane serine protease 6: The TMPRSS6 gene provides instructions for making a protein called matriptase-2.
  • 484
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
TMEM70 Gene
Transmembrane protein 70: The TMEM70 gene provides instructions for making a protein called transmembrane protein 70.
  • 406
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
TMEM39B
Transmembrane protein 39B (TMEM39B) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the gene TMEM39B. TMEM39B is a multi-pass membrane protein with eight transmembrane domains. The protein localizes to the plasma membrane and vesicles. The precise function of TMEM39B is not yet well-understood by the scientific community, but differential expression is associated with survival of B cell lymphoma, and knockdown of TMEM39B is associated with decreased autophagy in cells infected with the Sindbis virus. Furthermore, the TMEM39B protein been found to interact with the SARS-CoV-2 ORF9C (also known as ORF14) protein. TMEM39B is expressed at moderate levels in most tissues, with higher expression in the testis, placenta, white blood cells, adrenal gland, thymus, and fetal brain.
  • 468
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
TMEM127 Gene
Transmembrane protein 127 (TMEM 127): Mutations in the TMEM127 gene increase the risk of developing a noncancerous tumor associated with the nervous system called paraganglioma or pheochromocytoma (a type of paraganglioma).
  • 584
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
TMEFF2
Transmembrane protein with an EGF-like and two follistatin-like domains 2 (TMEFF2) is a 374-residue long type-I transmembrane proteoglycan which is proteolytically shed from the cell surface. The protein is involved in a range of functions including metabolism, neuroprotection, apoptosis, embryonic development, onco-suppression and endocrine function. TMEFF2 is methylated in numerous cancers, and an inverse correlation with the stage, response to therapy and survival outcome has been observed. Moreover, TMEFF2 methylation increases with breast, colon and gastric cancer progression. TMEFF2 is methylated early during oncogenesis in breast and colorectal cancer, and the detection of methylated free-circulating TMEFF2 DNA has been suggested as a potential diagnostic tool. The TMEFF2 downregulation signature equals and sometimes outperforms the Gleason and pathological scores in prostate cancer. TMEFF2 is downregulated in glioma and cotricotropinomas, and it impairs the production of adrenocorticotropic hormone in glioma cells. Through binding the amyloid β protein, its precursor and derivatives, TMEFF2 provides neuroprotection in Alzheimer’s disease. Primary literature regarding TMEFF2 is incoherent and offers conflicting information, in particular, the oncogenic vs. onco-suppressive role of TMEFF2 in prostate cancer. 
  • 773
  • 26 Jan 2021
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