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Topic Review
Pheomelanin
Pheomelanin is a natural yellow-reddish sulfur-containing pigment derived from tyrosinase-catalyzed oxidation of tyrosine in presence of cysteine. It is one of the existing forms of the natural pigment melanin, which is present in the skin in two forms: eumelanin and pheomelanin. Generally, the formation of melanin pigments is a protective response against the damaging effects of UV radiation in skin.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Jan 2022
Topic Review
PDE4 as Therapeutic Targets in Different Diseases
Cyclic nucleotides (cAMP, cGMP) play a major role in normal and pathologic signaling. Beyond receptors, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases; (PDEs) rapidly convert the cyclic nucleotide in its respective 5′-nucleotide to control intracellular cAMP and/or cGMP levels to maintain a normal physiological state. However, in many pathologies, dysregulations of various PDEs (PDE1-PDE11) contribute mainly to organs and tissue failures related to uncontrolled phosphorylation cascade. Among these, PDE4 represents the greatest family, since it is constituted by 4 genes with multiple variants differently distributed at tissue, cellular and subcellular levels, allowing different fine-tuned regulations.
  • 1.2K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Mammalian Target of Rapamycin
The entry outlines the discovery of mTOR and describes mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Biography
Horst Korsching
Horst Korsching (12 August 1912 – 21 March 1998) was a German physicist. He was arrested by the allied British and American Armed Forces and incarcerated at Farm Hall for six months in 1945 under Operation Epsilon. Born in Danzig, Korsching began his studies of physics at the Humboldt University of Berlin in 1932. In 1937, he joined the scientific staff at the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für P
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
The Genetic Architecture of SLD
Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a multifactorial, neurodevelopmental disorder which may involve persistent difficulties in reading (dyslexia), written expression and/or mathematics. Dyslexia is characterized by difficulties with speed and accuracy of word reading, deficient decoding abilities, and poor spelling. Several studies from different, but complementary, scientific disciplines have investigated possible causal/risk factors for SLD. Biological, neurological, hereditary, cognitive, linguistic-phonological, developmental and environmental factors have been incriminated. Despite worldwide agreement that SLD is highly heritable, its exact biological basis remains elusive.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Obesity as A Cause of Cancer
Obesity is defined as the accumulation of an excessive amount of body fat. The correlation of obesity with increased cancer incidence and death has been well established. 
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Biography
Edip Yüksel
Edip Yüksel (born December 20, 1957 in Güroymak, Turkey) is a Kurdish American author and philosophy professor of Sunni Muslim background. He is an exponent of the modern Islamic reform and Quranism (Quraniyoon) movements and is known for his criticism and rejection of both Sunni and Shiite versions of Islam. Author of several books on the Qur'an and Islam, he gained attention through his work
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Quiescent Cancer Cells
Quiescent cancer cells (QCCs) are cancer cells that are reversibly suspended in G0 phase with the ability to re-enter the cell cycle and initiate tumor growth, and, ultimately, cancer recurrence and metastasis.
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
In Vitro Regeneration of Chrysanthemum
Chrysanthemum is a flowering plant grown worldwide and is one of the most popular ornamental plants. Chrysanthemums are usually cultivated using root suckers and shoot cuttings. This conventional technique is relatively slow. In addition, as cuttings are gained regularly from mother plants, there is a chance of viral infection and degeneration, which raises the production cost. The hurdles mentioned above have been managed by applying in vitro propagation techniques, which can enhance reproduction rates through in vitro culture and use very small explants, which are impossible with the conventional approach. Usually, it is difficult to get true-to-type plants as the parents with good quality, but clonal propagation of a designated elite species makes it possible. 
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Machine Learning for Crop Disease
Crop diseases constitute a serious issue in agriculture, affecting both quality and quantity of agriculture production. Disease control has been a research object in many scientific and technologic domains. Technological advances in sensors, data storage, computing resources and artificial intelligence have shown enormous potential to control diseases effectively. A growing body of literature recognizes the importance of using data from different types of sensors and machine learning approaches to build models for detection, prediction, analysis, assessment, etc. However, the increasing number and diversity of research studies requires a literature review for further developments and contributions in this area. 
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Nov 2021
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