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Topic Review
Ammonium Terminated Antibacterial Dendrimers
Tapping into our review recently published in Nanomaterials and available on line at https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/10/10/2022/htm, we have created two entry on Encyclopedia. The first one consists in a general overview concerning antibacterial cationic dendrimers, followed by an updated review about the PAMAM and PPI-based cationic dendrimers developed in the last decade (https://encyclopedia.pub/7167), which showed considerable antibacterial properties. In the second entry, we have provided an updated overview concerning the most studied class of antibacterial cationic dendrimers, i.e. the dendrimeric antimicrobial peptides (https://encyclopedia.pub/7223). This third entry collects the main case studies concerning the antibacterial cationic dendrimers having different internal scaffolds, but peripherally positively charged due to the presence of terminal ammonium groups.
  • 395
  • 19 Jan 2021
Topic Review
AMN Gene
amnion associated transmembrane protein
  • 373
  • 24 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Amniotic epithelial cell immunomodulation
Amniotic epithelial cells (AEC) have been proposed as promising candidates for regenerative medicine thanks to their multipotency, non-tumorigenicity, low-immunogenic profile as well as for their anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties.
  • 737
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Amounts of Caffeoylquinic Acid in Coffee By-Products
Chlorogenic and isochlorogenic acids are naturally occurring antioxidant dietary polyphenolic compounds found in high concentrations in plants, fruits, vegetables, coffee, and coffee by-products. Coffee is particularly cultivated and produced in tropical and subtropical regions along the equator (the so-called “coffee belt”), where ideal growth is possible due to the constantly warm temperatures and humid climate without extreme weather fluctuations.
  • 645
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
AMP-activated Protein Kinase
We live and to do so we must breathe and eat, so are we a combination of what we eat and breathe? Here we will consider this question, and the role in this respect of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Emerging evidence suggests that AMPK facilitates central and peripheral reflexes that coordinate breathing and oxygen supply, and contributes to central regulation of feeding and food choice. We propose, therefore, that oxygen supply to the body is aligned with not only the quantity we eat, but also nutrient-based diet selection, and that the cell-specific expression pattern of AMPK subunit isoforms is critical to appropriate system alignment in this respect. If this is the case, then aberrant cell-specific changes in the expression of AMPK subunit isoforms could give rise, in part, to known associations between a wide variety of conditions associated with metabolic disorder.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 May 2021
Topic Review
Amperometric Biosensors and Biofuel Cells
Amperometric biosensors and biofuel cells are mostly based on immobilized enzymes or living cells. Among the many oxidoreductases, glucose oxidase (GOx) is used mostly in biosensor design. The same GOx can be well applied for the development of biofuel cells and self-charging capacitors based on the operation of biofuel cells. 
  • 884
  • 24 Aug 2021
Topic Review
AMPK
5′AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is known as metabolic sensor in mammalian cells that becomes activated by an increasing adenosine monophosphate (AMP)/adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ratio. The heterotrimeric AMPK protein comprises three subunits, each of which has multiple phosphorylation sites, playing an important role in the regulation of essential molecular pathways. By phosphorylation of downstream proteins and modulation of gene transcription AMPK functions as a master switch of energy homeostasis in tissues with high metabolic turnover, such as the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue.
  • 550
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
AMPK in Viral Infections
Viral pathogens often exploit host cell regulatory and signaling pathways to ensure an optimal environment for growth and survival. Several studies have suggested that 5′-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), an intracellular serine/threonine kinase, plays a significant role in the modulation of infection. 
  • 562
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
AMPK, mitochondria, and CVDs
Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is in charge of numerous catabolic and anabolic signaling pathways to sustain appropriate intracellular adenosine triphosphate levels in response to energetic and/or cellular stress. In addition to its conventional roles as an intracellular energy switch or fuel gauge, emerging research has shown that AMPK is also a redox sensor and modulator, playing pivotal roles in maintaining cardiovascular processes and inhibiting disease progression. Pharmacological reagents, including statins, metformin, berberine, polyphenol, and resveratrol, all of which are widely used therapeutics for cardiovascular disorders, appear to deliver their protective/therapeutic effects partially via AMPK signaling modulation. The functions of AMPK during health and disease are far from clear. Accumulating studies have demonstrated crosstalk between AMPK and mitochondria, such as AMPK regulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and mitochondrial dysfunction causing abnormal AMPK activity. In this review, we begin with the description of AMPK structure and regulation, and then focus on the recent advances toward understanding how mitochondrial dysfunction controls AMPK and how AMPK, as a central mediator of the cellular response to energetic stress, maintains mitochondrial homeostasis. Finally, we systemically review how dysfunctional AMPK contributes to the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases via the impact on mitochondrial function.
  • 713
  • 29 Jul 2020
Topic Review
AMPs Nisin and Food Preservation
This study reports the application of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in food preservation because of their ability to inactivate spores and spore-forming bacteria. The review focused more on nisin, which is one of the sufficiently characterised AMPs for use in the food industry. The mechanisms of spore-forming bacteria inactivation, the effectiveness of using nisin AMP alone and the synergistic effect of combining AMPs with other non-thermal emerging technologies were explored.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Sep 2021
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