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Topic Review
The Biomechanics of Cartilage
Articular cartilage (AC) sheathes joint surfaces and minimizes friction in diarthrosis. The resident cell population, chondrocytes, are surrounded by an extracellular matrix and a multitude of proteins, which bestow their unique characteristics. AC is characterized by a zonal composition (superficial (tangential) zone, middle (transitional) zone, deep zone, calcified zone) with different mechanical properties. An overview is given about different testing (load tests) methods as well as different modeling approaches.
  • 1.8K
  • 14 Apr 2021
Topic Review
The Application of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Endodontics
Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) applied with a low-level laser (LLLT) provides endodontists with a non-invasive and non-thermal method that can be utilized as an adjunct to traditional root canal treatment (RCT) or as a therapeutic tool in regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) due to its anti-inflammatory effects, apical cicatrization, and acceleration benefits.
  • 401
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
The Application of Electrospun Nanofibers in Wound Dressings
Electrospun nanofiber membranes (NFMs) have high porosity and a large specific surface area, which provide a suitable environment for the complex and dynamic wound healing process and a large number of sites for carrying wound healing factors. The design of the nanofiber structure can imitate the structure of the human dermis, similar to the natural extracellular matrix, which better promotes the hemostasis, anti-inflammatory and healing of wounds. 
  • 149
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Androgen Axis in CRPC
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer (PCa) progression towards its most aggressive, castration-resistant (CRPC) stage is urgently needed to improve the therapeutic options for this almost incurable pathology. Interestingly, CRPC is known to be characterized by a peculiar hormonal landscape. It is now well established that the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) axis is still active in CRPC cells. The persistent activity of this axis in PCa progression has been shown to be related to different mechanisms, such as: intratumoral androgen synthesis, AR amplification and mutations, AR mRNA alternative splicing, increased expression/activity of AR-related transcription factors and coregulators. A deeper clarification of the expression and activities of the androgen/AR axis in the CRPC stage will likely lead to the identification of novel predictive biomarkers as well as to the improvement of the therapeutical options for this almost untreatable disease, in terms of precision medicine.
  • 538
  • 18 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Tendon and Ligament Repair with MSC-EVs
Tendon and ligament injury poses an increasingly large burden to society. With surgical repair and grafting susceptible to high failure rates, tissue engineering provides novel avenues for treatment.
  • 520
  • 25 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Temporary Implants (Magnesium/Zinc) in Cardiovascular Applications
Medical application materials must meet multiple requirements, and the designed material must mimic the structure, shape. and support the formation of the replacing tissue. Magnesium (Mg) and Zinc alloys (Zn), as a “smart” biodegradable material and as “the green engineering material in the 21st century”, have become an outstanding implant material due to their natural degradability, smart biocompatibility, and desirable mechanical properties. Magnesium and Zinc are recognized as the next generation of cardiovascular stents and bioresorbable scaffolds. At the same time, improving the properties and corrosion resistance of these alloys is an urgent challenge. particularly to promote the application of magnesium alloys. A relatively fast deterioration rate of magnesium-based materials generally results in premature mechanical integrity compromise and local hydrogen build-up, resulting in restricted applicability. 
  • 578
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Strontium Functionalization of Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering
Strontium (Sr) is a trace element taken with nutrition and found in bone in close connection to native hydroxyapatite. Sr is involved in a dual mechanism of coupling the stimulation of bone formation with the inhibition of bone resorption, as reported in the literature. Interest in studying Sr has increased in the last decades due to the development of strontium ranelate (SrRan), an orally active agent acting as an anti-osteoporosis drug. However, the use of SrRan was subjected to some limitations starting from 2014 due to its negative side effects on the cardiac safety of patients. In this scenario, an interesting perspective for the administration of Sr is the introduction of Sr ions in biomaterials for bone tissue engineering (BTE) applications. This strategy has attracted attention thanks to its positive effects on bone formation, alongside the reduction of osteoclast activity, proven by in vitro and in vivo studies.
  • 514
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Strategies to Potentiate the Therapeutic Properties of MSCs
Beneficial properties of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have prompted their use in preclinical and clinical research. Accumulating evidence has been provided for the therapeutic effects of MSCs in several pathologies, including neurodegenerative diseases, myocardial infarction, skin problems, liver disorders and cancer, among others. Although MSCs are found in multiple tissues, the number of MSCs is low, making in vitro expansion a required step before MSC application. However, culture-expanded MSCs exhibit notable differences in terms of cell morphology, physiology and function, which decisively contribute to MSC heterogeneity. The changes induced in MSCs during in vitro expansion may account for the variability in the results obtained in different MSC-based therapy studies, including those using MSCs as living drug delivery systems. 
  • 234
  • 24 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Stem Cells and Bone Tissue Engineering
Segmental bone defects that are caused by trauma, infection, tumor resection, or osteoporotic fractures present significant surgical treatment challenges. Host bone autograft is considered the gold standard for restoring function but comes with the cost of harvest site comorbidity. Allograft bone is a secondary option but has its own limitations in the incorporation with the host bone as well as its cost. Therefore, developing new bone tissue engineering strategies to treat bone defects is critically needed.
  • 205
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
STAT3 Enhances Sensitivity of Glioblastoma to Cell Death
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain cancer in adults. One reason for the development and malignancy of this tumor is the misregulation of certain cellular proteins. The oncoprotein Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT3) that is frequently overactive in glioblastoma cells is associated with more aggressive disease and decreased patient survival. Autophagy is a form of cellular self digestion that normally maintains cell integrity and provides nutrients and basic building blocks required for growth. While glioblastoma is known to be particularly resistant to conventional therapies, recent research has suggested that these tumors are more sensitive to excessive overactivation of autophagy, leading to autophagy-dependent tumor cell death.
  • 287
  • 26 Jan 2022
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