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Topic Review
Marine Nepheloid Layer
Marine nepheloid layer is a turbid layer containing significantly more suspended particles than the adjacent layers in oceans. The suspended particles may collide and form large falling particle aggregates known as marine snow. Although the nepheloid layer continually changes with time and space, it shows certain temporal and spatial stability. A marine nepheloid layer could last a few days to years, with a thickness ranging from meters to kilometers.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Marine Bacterial Natural Products
Marine bacterial natural products are molecules produced by marine bacteria through secondary metabolism genes, which can provide them with competitive advantages. Certain natural products can have bioactive effects (e.g. antimicrobial properties) and thus can be used by humans as therapeutics or leads for novel therapeutics.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Microbial Mats: Extraterrestrial Life Models
Extant microbial mats already present on Earth provide useful working analog models for the exploration of life in extraterrestrial hydrospheres.
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Coastal Adaptation to Sea-Level Rise
The Earth’s climate is changing; ice sheets and glaciers are melting and coastal hazards and sea level are rising in response. With a total population of over 300 million people situated on coasts, including 20 of the planet’s 33 megacities (over 10 million people), low-lying coastal areas represent one of the most vulnerable areas to the impacts of climate change. The need to identify and implement adaptation solutions to the impacts of climate change in coastal zones is urgent. 
  • 861
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Oil Physical Transport and Weathering Processes
Several oil spill simulation models exist in the literature, which are used worldwide to simulate the evolution of an oil slick created from marine traffic, petroleum production, or other sources. The behavior of an oil spill in the marine environment depends on a series of physical, chemical, and biological processes that are largely determined by both the properties of leaked oil and the environmental, hydro-meteorological conditions (wave, winds, currents, solar radiation, etc.), and discharge characteristics (instantaneous/continuous, surface/deep-water). The fate and behavior of an oil spill can be influenced by the physico-chemical oil weathering processes: oil spreading, evaporation, emulsification, dissolution, photo-oxidation, biodegradation, and sedimentation, and the physical transport processes, like transport and turbulent mixing, dispersion, and resurfacing.
  • 851
  • 16 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Seabed Mapping
Over the last few centuries, mapping the ocean seabed has been a major challenge for marine geoscientists. Knowledge of seabed bathymetry and morphology has significantly impacted our understanding of our planet dynamics. The history and scientific trends of seabed mapping can be assessed by data mining prior studies. Here, we have mined the scientific literature using the keyword “seabed mapping” to investigate and provide the evolution of mapping methods and emphasize the main trends and challenges over the last 90 years. An increase in related scientific production was observed in the beginning of the 1970s, together with an increased interest in new mapping technologies. The last two decades have revealed major shift in ocean mapping. The future of seabed mapping brings high expectations, considering that this is one of the main research and development themes for the United Nations Decade of the Oceans. We may expect a new higher resolution ocean seafloor map that might be as influential as The Floor of the Oceans map.
  • 773
  • 25 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Global Marine Dissolved Organic Matter
Marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) holds ~660 billion metric tons of carbon, making it one of Earth’s major carbon reservoirs that is exchangeable with the atmosphere on annual to millennial time scales. The global ocean scale dynamics of the pool have become better illuminated over the past few decades. 
  • 728
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ocean Remote Sensing Techniques and Applications
Oceans cover over 70% of the Earth’s surface and provide numerous services to humans and the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor these valuable assets using advanced technologies. In this regard, Remote Sensing (RS) provides a great opportunity to study different oceanographic parameters using archived consistent multitemporal datasets in a cost-efficient approach. Various types of RS techniques have been developed and utilized for different oceanographic applications.
  • 725
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Dam Effects the Ecosystems of Nearby Marine Areas
Dams have made great contributions to human society, facilitating flood control, power generation, shipping, agriculture, and industry. However, the construction of dams greatly impacts downstream ecological environments and nearby marine areas. 
  • 637
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Impacts of Blue Economy on Deep-Sea Ecosystem Services
The deep-sea is the most extensive environment on the Earth and is defined as the water column and seafloor below 200 m water depth. The ecosystem services (E.S.) concept comprises ecological functions (e.g., climatic adaptation) and social and economic values (e.g., food security, job creation) that promote human well-being. Deep-sea E.S. comprise the provisioning of services such as industrial agents and fish catch, regulating services such as climatic and biological regulation, and cultural services such as aesthetics and inspiration for the arts. Several studies have shown that deep-sea ecosystems support a large variety of habitats and a wide array of faunal communities with various functions. These complex communities are threatened by the growth of human activities targeting precisely these provided ecosystem services.
  • 620
  • 29 Nov 2021
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