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Topic Review
Smart Materials for Green(er) Cities
The transition to sustainable or green(er) cities requires the development and implementation of many innovative technologies. It is vital to ensure that these technologies are themselves as sustainable and green as possible. In this context, smart materials offer excellent prospects for application. They are capable of performing a number of tasks (e.g., repair, opening/closing, temperature measurement, storage and release of thermal energy) without embedded electronics or power supplies.
  • 212
  • 23 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biophilic Design in Preschool Interiors
Modern living has made nature more and more difficult for individuals to access, but the yearning to connect with nature still exists. Children are particularly affected by this, as they have to stay indoors while separated from their parents, which is especially true for them. Biophilic design is an architectural and interior design concept that aims to bring humans closer to nature by integrating natural components into the built environment. 
  • 190
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells History
In Remote Area Power Supply (RAPS) systems that utilize solar and hydrogen power, which typically include photovoltaic modules, a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer, hydrogen gas storage, and proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, the cost of these systems is currently higher compared to conventional RAPS systems that employ diesel generators or batteries. Unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs) offer a potential solution to reduce the expenses of solar hydrogen renewable energy systems in RAPS by combining the functionalities of the electrolyzer and fuel cell into a single unit, thereby eliminating the need to purchase separate and costly electrolyzer and fuel cell units. URFCs are particularly well-suited for RAPS applications because the electrolyzer and fuel cell do not need to operate simultaneously. In electrolyzer mode, URFCs function similarly to stand-alone electrolyzers. However, in fuel cell mode, the performance of URFCs is inferior to that of stand-alone fuel cells.
  • 424
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
EfficientNetB0 cum FPN-based Semantic Segmentation of Gastrointestinal Tract
This research proposes a hybrid encoder decoder-based model for semantic segmentation of the Gastrointestinal tract. Here EfficientNet B0 is used as a bottom-up encoder architecture for downsampling to capture contextual information by extracting meaningful and discriminative features from input images. The performance of the EfficientNet B0 encoder is compared with three encoders: ResNet 50, MobileNet V2, and Timm Gernet. Here, Feature Pyramid Network (FPN) is used as a top-down decoder architecture for upsampling to recover spatial information. The performance of the FPN decoder is compared with three decoders: PAN, Linknet, and MAnet. Furthermore, the proposed hybrid model is analyzed using Adam, Adadelta, SGD, and RMSprop optimizers. 
  • 187
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
All-Solid-State Lithium–Oxygen Batteries
All-solid-state lithium–oxygen batteries (ASSLOBs) are emerging as a promising next-generation energy storage technology with potential energy densities up to ten times higher than those of current LIBs. ASSLOBs utilize non-flammable solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) and offer superior safety and mechanical stability. However, ASSLOBs face challenges, including high solid-state interface resistances and unstable lithium-metal anodes.
  • 287
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Chemical Sensor Array
A chemical sensor array is a sensor architecture with multiple sensor components that create a pattern for analyte detection from the additive responses of individual sensor components. There exist several types of chemical sensor arrays including electronic, optical, acoustic wave, and potentiometric devices, which are described below. These chemical sensor arrays can employ multiple sensor types that are cross-reactive or tuned to sense specific analytes.
  • 787
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Operational Business Artifacts and Agility
Agility, a necessary condition for sustainable performance, should be a key competence of organizations in dynamic markets today. Organizations have to move faster than the market around them, both in terms of decision-making and capability development over time, to maintain a competitive advantage. Agility should therefore not only be seen as a tactic, but rather as a strategic goal by itself. Aligning information systems and businesses at the strategic implementation stage (i.e., operational level) is reported to enhance organizational agility. More specifically, reengineering business behaviors as business services, similar to the service-oriented architectural pattern in software design, is also reported to lead to flexibility and agility in organizations, as long as business knowledge is adequately modelled and interfaces between services are clearly defined. Consequently, business artifacts at the operational level of the business, if adequately modelled, represent an operational agility capability of a business.
  • 296
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Architecture of Time-Sensitive Network Configuration Management System
Many network applications are seeking to implement Time-Sensitive Network (TSN) technology, which not only furnishes communication transmission services that are deterministic, low-latency, highly dependable, and have ample bandwidth, but also enables unified configuration management, permitting different network types to function under a single management system. These characteristics enable it to be widely used in many fields such as industrial sensor and actuator networks, in-vehicle networks, data center networks, and edge computing. Nonetheless, TSN’s configuration management faces numerous difficulties and challenges related to network deployment, automated operation, and maintenance, as well as real-time and safety assurance, rendering it exceedingly intricate.
  • 277
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Applications of Additive Manufacturing Technologies
The term “Additive Manufacturing (AM)” refers to those technologies of building layer upon layer from a 3D model in .STL format through seamless digital Computer-Aided Design (CAD) and Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) integration; by varying the material used, the energy source and other macroparameters, different AM techniques can be specified and can be used for different applications. For the American Society for Testing and Standards (ASTM), there are seven types of AM: (1). Vat Photopolymerisation (VPP): the liquid photopolymer in a vat is selectively cured by light-activated polymerisation; (2).Material Jetting (MJT): the droplets of the build material are selectively deposited; (3). Binder Jetting (BJT): the liquid bonding agent is selectively deposited to join powder materials; (4). Material Extrusion (MEX): the material is selectively dispensed through a nozzle or orifice; (5).Powder Bed Fusion (PBF): the thermal energy selectively fuses regions of a powder bed; (6).Sheet Lamination (SL): sheets of the material are bonded to form an object; (7). Direct Energy Deposition (DED): focused thermal energy is used to fuse materials by melting as they are being deposited. Variable subclasses can also be identified for each of the previous seven main classes based on the materials with which they operate.
  • 259
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning in Network Security
The Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is an effective tool utilized in cybersecurity systems to detect and identify intrusion attacks. Traditional IDS methods rely heavily on signature-based approaches, which are limited in their ability to detect novel and sophisticated attacks. To overcome these limitations, researchers and practitioners have started to explore the integration of machine learning techniques into IDS design. Machine learning (ML) has demonstrated remarkable success in various domains, including natural language processing, computer vision, and pattern recognition. Leveraging ML algorithms in the realm of networking cybersecurity offers promising opportunities to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of intrusion detection systems.
  • 231
  • 06 Jul 2023
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