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Topic Review
Appications of Natural Clinoptilolites Based on Ion Exchange
There are many natural zeolites, of which a small number, including clinoptilolite, chabazite, mordenite, erionite, ferrierite, and phillipsite offer the greatest promise for industrial applications. Natural clinoptilolites have been the subject for different modifications in order to improve their use potentialities, where the ion exchange property has been a key role for their different applications. Application of ion exchange to modify clinoptilolites, cation selection, mono- and polycationic exchange to create new functional materials for specific applications are key issues.
  • 650
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning Methods for Rainfall–Runoff Modelling
Runoff plays an essential part in the hydrological cycle, as it regulates the quantity of water which flows into streams and returns surplus water into the oceans. Runoff modelling may assist in understanding, controlling, and monitoring the quality and amount of water resources. In machine learning (ML) models, the association between hydrological cycle variables and runoff is examined directly without regard for the actual processes involved. However, such ML (black-box) approaches are good enough at modelling runoff. The most widely used ML approaches in hydrologic research are K-nearest neighbor (K-NN), decision tree (DT), fuzzy rule-based systems (FRBS), ANN, deep neural networks (DNN), adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), and support vector machine (SVM), etc. Numerous researchers have utilized these ML models for rainfall–runoff analysis.
  • 415
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Grove Mountains CM-Type Chondrites
CM chondrite is the most important carbonaceous chondrite containing abundant Ca, Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) and other interesting objects, which probably experienced early condensation processes in the Solar Nebula environment and later alteration in parent body surroundings. Thus, it is a vital raw material to explore in the formation and evolution of the early Solar System. Grove Mountains (GRV) CM chondrites have been collected from Antarctica by Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition (CARE) for nearly 20 years.
  • 535
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Carbon Sequestration by Biofuel Crop Switchgrass
Under the macroenvironmental background of global warming, all countries are working to limit climate change. Internationally, biofuel plants are considered to have great potential in carbon neutralization. Several countries have begun using biofuel crops as energy sources to neutralize carbon emissions. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) is considered a resource-efficient low-input crop that produces bioenergy. 
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Biography
Barry Voight
Barry Voight (/vɔɪt/; born 1937) is an American geologist, volcanologist, author, and engineer. After earning his Ph.D. at Columbia University, Voight worked as a professor of geology at several universities, including Pennsylvania State University, where he taught from 1964 until his retirement in 2005. He remains an emeritus professor there and still conducts research, focusing on rock mecha
  • 685
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Hydrothermal Carbonization of Food Waste for Char Production
Managing the increasing volume of food waste worldwide has become a major challenge. In addition, the energy crisis in developing nations of the world is increasing at an alarming rate and the need to proffer solutions is not only expedient but must be of high priority. Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) refers to a conversion of biomass into an energy-densified or carbon-rich char product. It involves hydrolysis, dehydration, polymerization, and carbonization reactions taking place within moderate temperature (between 180 and 260 °C) and pressure (between 35 and 55 bar) ranges.
  • 739
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Basis of Tracing Fossil Fuel CO2 Using 14C
Carbon dioxide (CO2), the most important greenhouse gas, is a significant driver of global warming. Radiocarbon (14C), a widely used dating method in archaeology, geosciences, etc., is a direct tracer and a promising method to differentiate the emissions of fossil fuel and non-fossil fuel from atmospheric carbon.
  • 322
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Properties and Synthesis of Photocatalysts
The photocatalysts must be characterized by the ability to absorb radiation from a wide spectral range of light, the appropriate position of the semiconductor energy bands in relation to the redox reaction potentials, and the long diffusion path of charge carriers, besides the thermodynamic, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical stabilities.
  • 3.4K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bioaccumulation and Biotransformation of Chlorinated Paraffins
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), a class of persistent, toxic, and bioaccumulated compounds, have received increasing attention for their environmental occurrence and ecological and human health risks worldwide. Understanding the environmental behavior and fate of CPs faces a huge challenge owing to the extremely complex CP congeners. The bioaccumulation and biotransformation of CPs, including the occurrence of CPs in biota, tissue distribution, biomagnification, and trophic transfer, and biotransformation of CPs in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates in detail are summarized and integrated. Biota samples collected in China showed higher CP concentrations than other regions, which is consistent with their huge production and usage. The lipid content is the major factor that determines the physical burden of CPs in tissues or organs. Regarding the bioaccumulation of CPs and their influence factors, inconsistent results were obtained.
  • 362
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Freshwater Stressors, Threats, Risks, Management, Protection and Conservation
Some of the threats, risks, and integrated water management elements in freshwater ecosystems are discussed. Some discussion of human needs and water conservation issues related to freshwater systems are provided: (1) introduction and background; (2) water basics and natural cycles; (3) freshwater roles in human cultures and civilizations; (4) water as a biosphere cornerstone; (5) climate as a hydrospheric ‘game changer’ from the perspective of freshwater; (6) human-induced stressors’ effects on freshwater ecosystem changes (pollution, habitat fragmentation, etc.); (7) freshwater ecosystems’ biological resources in the context of unsustainable exploitation/overexploitation; (8) invasive species, parasites, and diseases in freshwater systems; (9) freshwater ecosystems’ vegetation; (10) the relationship between human warfare and water. All of these issues and more create an extremely complex matrix of stressors that plays a driving role in changing freshwater ecosystems both qualitatively and quantitatively, as well as their capacity to offer sustainable products and services to human societies. Only internationally integrated policies, strategies, assessment, monitoring, management, protection, and conservation initiatives can diminish and hopefully stop the long-term deterioration of Earth’s freshwater resources and their associated secondary resources.
  • 362
  • 27 Dec 2022
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