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Topic Review
Fracture Characterization of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Recent developments in fracture characterization, modeling, and the impact of fracture networks on oil recovery in naturally carbonate-fractured reservoirs have been reviewed. The pivotal role of fracture identification and characterization in understanding production mechanisms and developing realistic fracture modeling approaches has been highlighted. This concludes that improved fracture network modeling requires considering various factors, such as data collection, fracture characterization, reservoir simulation, and model updating based on newly acquired field data. Integrating multiple techniques and data sources is recommended for obtaining a reliable reservoir model to optimize primary and enhanced oil recovery methods.
  • 300
  • 08 May 2023
Topic Review
Drought Monitoring and Forecasting across Turkey
Drought is the consequence of a significant decline in the hydrological variables such as precipitation, soil moisture, and streamflow that undesirably affects all living beings. There are various indices for drought monitoring and assessment that can identify the characteristics of drought, such as magnitude, severity, and duration. They are obtained from hydro-meteorological indicators, such as precipitation, temperature, runoff, soil moisture, reservoir storage, and groundwater level. Some indices are more appropriate than others for certain circumstances, such as the location of the study area, drought type, and availability of data. With the development of meteorological satellites and RS technology on the one hand and the emergence of data-mining techniques on the other hand, a lot of research has been conducted in the field of drought monitoring and forecasting (DMF) using these technologies. 
  • 367
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Production of Hydrogen from Lignocellulosic Biomass
Hydrogen is considered one of the most important forms of energy for the future, as it can be generated from renewable sources and reduce CO2 emissions.
  • 236
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Cyanobacteria, Blooms and Cyanotoxins in East African Lakes
Cyanobacteria, algal blooms and cyanotoxins have become common environmental enigmas in marine, freshwater and estuarine ecosystems. In East African lakes, mainly Microcystis, Arthrospira, Dolichospermum, Planktolyngbya and Anabaenopsis species of cyanobacteria have been responsible for the production of anatoxin-a, homoanatoxin-a, microcystins, cylindrospermopsin and nodularin. Microcystins and anatoxin-a have been implicated as the proximal cause of indiscriminate fish deaths and epornitic mortality of lesser flamingos
  • 539
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Optical Sensors
Detection systems using optical principles for ion sensing have become widely used. Optical detection typically relies on the color change resulting from the interaction or reaction between the focal object and the detection reagent. Optical sensors offer the advantages of simplicity and low cost. At the same time, there is no direct contact between the sensor and the sample during analysis, thereby minimizing the effects of contamination of the sensing probe. The portable optical sensors highlighted in this section include fluorescent, colorimetric, Raman scattering, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensors.
  • 548
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Practices for Agricultural Climate Neutrality
Regarding the achievement of worldwide agricultural climate neutrality, the focus is on a worldwide net-zero emission of cradle-to-farmgate greenhouse gases (GHGs), while, when appropriate, including the biogeophysical impacts of practices on the longwave radiation balance. 
  • 191
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Soil Component Affect Antibiotic Resistance Genes
Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in soil have become research hotspots in the fields of public health and environmental ecosystem. The soil environment is an important acceptor of many pollutants, including antibiotics. The external pressure of antibiotics and other pollutants can promote the proliferation and occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistance genes (ARGs) in soil. Soil ARGs can spread in various ways, such as horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between soil microorganisms and vertical gene transfer (VGT) between parent and offspring, while soil components have important influence on the occurance and spread of ARGs.
  • 292
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Phytosanitary Rules for the Movement of Olive
Phytosanitary legislation involves government laws that are essential to minimize the risk of the introduction and diffusion of pests, especially invasive non-native species, as a consequence of the international exchange of plant material, thus allowing us to safeguard agricultural production and biodiversity of a territory.
  • 175
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Supervised Deep-Learning Models for Multispectral Change Detection
Remote sensing is a tool of interest for a large variety of applications. It is becoming increasingly more useful with the growing amount of available remote sensing data. The large amount of data also leads to a need for improved automated analysis. Deep learning is a natural candidate for solving this need. Change detection in remote sensing is a rapidly evolving area of interest that is relevant for a number of fields. There are a large number of publications and progress, even though the challenge is far from solved. Multispectral images are common in remote sensing and well suited for change detection purposes thanks to their good balance of spatial and spectral resolution, capturing important details. Various data sets for change detection have been openly published online and a growing number of models has been introduced in the literature, both supervised, unsupervised and semi-supervised. 
  • 321
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics, Concentration, Toxicity of ECs in Water Bodies
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are causing negative effects on the environment and even on people, so their removal has become a priority worldwide. ECs are organic, pseudo-persistent, and unregulated “new” contaminants detected in water/wastewater in trace concentrations (ng/L–µg/L).
  • 163
  • 05 May 2023
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