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Topic Review
Barriers to Industrial Symbiosis
Industrial symbiosis (IS) can contribute to achieving a win-win situation between industry and environment for local and regional circular economies. Many authors have recognized that a variety of barriers can hinder the implementation of industrial symbiosis (IS). It is imperative to understand and prioritize the barriers which will provide guidance for the realization of IS projects and assist practitioners and stakeholders with more effective implementation. This, in turn, will contribute to development of circular economies. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Cairn
A cairn is a man-made pile (or stack) of stones. The word cairn comes from the Scottish Gaelic: càrn [ˈkʰaːrˠn̪ˠ] (plural càirn [ˈkʰaːrˠɲ]). Cairns have been and are used for a broad variety of purposes, from prehistoric times to the present. In modern times, cairns are often erected as landmarks, a use they have had since ancient times. However, since prehistory, they have also been built and used as burial monuments; for defense and hunting; for ceremonial purposes, sometimes relating to astronomy; to locate buried items, such as caches of food or objects; and to mark trails, among other purposes. Cairns are used as trail markers in many parts of the world, in uplands, on moorland, on mountaintops, near waterways and on sea cliffs, as well as in barren deserts and tundras. They vary in size from small stone markers to entire artificial hills, and in complexity from loose conical rock piles to delicately balanced sculptures and elaborate feats of megalithic engineering. Cairns may be painted or otherwise decorated, whether for increased visibility or for religious reasons. An ancient example is the inuksuk (plural inuksuit), used by the Inuit, Inupiat, Kalaallit, Yupik, and other peoples of the Arctic region of North America. Inuksuit are found from Alaska to Greenland. This region, above the Arctic Circle, is dominated by the tundra biome and has areas with few natural landmarks.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Air Pollution Policy in Israel
Since its establishment in 1948, the State of Israel has been oriented towards economic development and industrialization, with a transportation sector increasingly focused on private cars. In 1961, initial awareness of environmental risks led to the adoption of the Abatement of Nuisances Law, which served as the platform for air pollution policy for several decades, even as population growth and growth of the industrial sector, including fossil fuel power plants, led to a continuous increase in air pollution. In the early 2000s, the environmental movement in Israel criticized local air pollution policy as being out of date and started to promote a new Clean Air Law. The law, which was adopted in 2008 and came into force in 2011, was a watershed in air pollution policy in Israel. It includes ambient air quality values for 28 contaminants, emission permits for the industrial sector based on best available techniques (BAT), an enforcement system, and a unified and transparent monitoring system. This entry introduces the history of air pollution policy in Israel from 1948, through the 1961 and 2008 landmark legislations and their strengths and weaknesses, to the present. Also, it gives  recommendations for future air pollution policy in Israel.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nanoremediation Technologies
Nanoremediation technologies involve the use of reactive NPs for the conversion and detoxification of contaminants. The main mechanisms for remediation by NPs are catalysis and chemical reduction. In addition, adsorption is another removal mechanism facilitated by the NPs since NPs have high surface-area-to-mass ratios and different distribution of active sites, increasing the adsorption ability.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Karratha, Western Australia
Karratha is a city in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, adjoining the port of Dampier. It was established in 1968 to accommodate the processing and exportation workforce of the Hamersley Iron mining company and, in the 1980s, the petroleum and liquefied natural gas operations of the North West Shelf Venture. At June 2018, Karratha had an urban population of 16,708. The city's name comes from the cattle station of the same name, which derives from a word in a local Aboriginal language meaning "good country" or "soft earth". The city is the seat of government of the City of Karratha, a local government area covering the surrounding region.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Korea's Environmental Life Cycle Assessment
The Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as an environmental-impact assessment method is gaining increasing attention all over the world due to the urgent need for the preservation and sustainability of the environment. Commonly utilized in the environmental analysis of businesses, industries, products, and services, this assessment method promoted by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (SETAC) Life Cycle Initiative, the Forum for Sustainability through Life Cycle Assessment (FSLCI), International reference Life Cycle Database System (ILCD), the European reference Life Cycle Database system (ELCD), and a host of others aims at improving environmental performance towards the achievement of economically viable, safe, and sustainable societies. In Korea, LCA has drawn much attention from both industry and academia since the mid-90s, hence this study assessed the status of environmental LCA studies as it concerns the country. The Life Cycle Assessment technique serves as an important means of identifying the environmental impact of products or services throughout their entire life cycle stages. 
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Acoustic Emission Spectroscopy
Acoustic emission (AE) spectroscopy has become the method of choice in many fieldsbecause it is highly sensitive. For example, the AE system constructed by the Vallen company, Germany, has a sampling rate that can reach up to 10 MHz, an arrival time resolution of 100 ns, and an energy resolution of 1.8 × 10−18V2s (i.e., in the attojoule regime, aJ) referred to sensor signal at 34 dB preamplifier gain.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Diffusion of Solar PV Energy
Solar photovoltaic energy (solar PV) is considered a very attractive solution among renewable energy sources (RES), especially for households. According to the most recent IEA report on renewables, the growth of renewable power capacity at the world level has reached another record in 2021, driven by solar photovoltaic energy; solar PV alone has accounted for more than half of all renewable power expansion in 2021, followed by wind and hydropower.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Ciolo (Apulia)
Ciolo is a narrow coastal inlet and a site of historical and environmental interest, which is located in Apulia, Italy. The location is also known as a geological site and for the presence of numerous sea caves, the largest one being the Grotta del Ciolo. Since October 2006 the Ciolo's area has become part of the Regional Park "Costa Otranto - Santa Maria di Leuca e Bosco di Tricase", created by the Apulia region to protect the eastern coast of Salento, specifically the architectural assets as well as important animal and plant species. The name Ciolo comes from the noun in salentino dialect "ciole", which refers to crows or magpies, which are widespread in this region.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Water-Soluble Organic Aerosols
Water-soluble organic aerosols (OA) are an important component of atmospheric particulate matter and one of the key drivers that impact both climate and human health. Understanding these processes involving water-soluble OA depends on how well the chemical composition of this aerosol component is decoded. Yet, obtaining such a detailed chemical information faces several challenges, of which the complexity of the sample matrix is one of the most demanding issues. A number of different advanced multidimensional analytical techniques are available today with the potential to tackel the complex chemical nature of water-soluble OA, allowing the untargeted profilling of new chemical structures without the need for use of databases or libraries. This critical review is aimed at nonspecialists who are interested in learning more about the potential and impact of such multidimensional non-targeted analytical strategies in water-soluble OA research.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Mar 2021
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