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Topic Review
Building Damage Assessment using Remote Sensing Satellite Images
When natural disasters occur, timely and accurate building damage assessment maps are vital for disaster management responders to organize their resources efficiently. Pairs of pre- and post-disaster remote sensing imagery have been recognized as invaluable data sources that provide useful information for building damage identification. 
  • 293
  • 11 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Blue Carbon in Seychelles
Blue carbon has been proposed as a nature-based solution for climate change mitigation through the reduction in greenhouse gases through carbon sequestration. This proposal entails the protection, restoration, and conservation of blue carbon ecosystems such that these systems can optimally provide valuable ecosystem services. Challenges remain in funding the conservation and protection efforts blue carbon systems require to function optimally. The ecosystem services blue carbon systems provide can be capitalised upon through various “payment for ecosystem services” schemes, but these have their own unique challenges to resolve.
  • 293
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Multi-Stage Sn-Polymetallic Mineralization
South Hunan, an important component of the Nanling polymetallic metallogenic belt, experienced a fairly long history of polycyclic tectonic evolution with multiple magmatic and hydrothermal events, during which a series of tungsten-tin polymetallic ore fields/deposits (e.g., Huangshaping, Shizhuyuan, Xitian, Xianghualing) were formed.
  • 292
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Caja Del Rio
Template:Geobox Caja del Rio (Spanish: "box of the river") is a dissected plateau, of volcanic origin, which covers approximately 84,000 acres of land in northern Santa Fe County, New Mexico, United States. The region is also known as the Caja, Caja del Rio Plateau, and Cerros del Rio. The center of the area is approximately 15 miles (23 km) west of Santa Fe, New Mexico. Most of the Caja is owned by the United States Forest Service and managed by the Santa Fe National Forest. Access is through New Mexico Highway 599, Santa Fe County Road 62, and Forest Service Road 24.
  • 292
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gravity Wave
In fluid dynamics, gravity waves are waves generated in a fluid medium or at the interface between two media when the force of gravity or buoyancy tries to restore equilibrium. An example of such an interface is that between the atmosphere and the ocean, which gives rise to wind waves. A gravity wave results when fluid is displaced from a position of equilibrium. The restoration of the fluid to equilibrium will produce a movement of the fluid back and forth, called a wave orbit. Gravity waves on an air–sea interface of the ocean are called surface gravity waves or surface waves, while gravity waves that are within the body of the water (such as between parts of different densities) are called internal waves. Wind-generated waves on the water surface are examples of gravity waves, as are tsunamis and ocean tides. Wind-generated gravity waves on the free surface of the Earth's ponds, lakes, seas and oceans have a period of between 0.3 and 30 seconds (3Hz to 30mHz). Shorter waves are also affected by surface tension and are called gravity–capillary waves and (if hardly influenced by gravity) capillary waves. Alternatively, so-called infragravity waves, which are due to subharmonic nonlinear wave interaction with the wind waves, have periods longer than the accompanying wind-generated waves.
  • 292
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Engineered Electrospun Nanofiber-Based Membranes
The integration of nanofillers gives appropriate characteristics to the membrane distillation (MD) membranes by changing their chemical and physical properties, which significantly enhances energy efficiency without impacting the economic costs. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art status, the opportunities, open challenges, and pitfalls of the emerging field of modified ENMs using different nanomaterials for desalination applications.
  • 292
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Renewable-Based Solar Energy of Cyprus and Saudi Arabia
The use of solar energy as an alternative source of energy is a natural reflection of technological progress to meet the growing needs of modern life applications. Since solar energy is a relatively new scientific field, specialized research centers have been established to conduct theoretical and applied experiments and to employ the various available resources in order to achieve the desired goal of renewable energy sources in their various uses.
  • 292
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Emission Mitigation Efforts in Kenya
Kenya, like many other countries, has been affected by the negative impacts of climate change, such as irregular weather patterns and increasing extreme weather events, due to increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Kenya, which has a population of 50.6 million people and the biggest economy in East Africa, is the centre of the region’s trade, finance, and communications. The nation’s economy is heavily reliant on tourism and agriculture, both prone to climate variability and extreme weather events.
  • 291
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Photo-Fermentative Bacteria Used for Hydrogen Production
Photo-fermentation is an efficient hydrogen production pathway in which purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) play an active role and produce hydrogen as a part of their metabolism under optimal conditions. These bacteria work under the influence of light to advance their metabolism and use various substrates, such as simple sugars and volatile fatty acids, to produce hydrogen. 
  • 291
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Vilabouly Complex, Laos
The Vilabouly Complex is an archaeological site that is located in the Savannakhet Province in Laos which holds copper smelting and copper mining during the Iron Age. The Vilabouly Complex is significant since it puts archaeologists in a predicament of when did the origin of bronze metallurgy begin in Southeast Asia. It was estimated that the site was around 400BC - AD 500 as well as 1000 - 400BC reaching both the Iron Age and Bronze Age of Southeast Asia. The site contained a lead signature that followed copper, bronze alloys, and bronze which signifies a massive source of material that can benefit metallurgy in the region. By this, the Vilabouly Complex will hold all the power of the region since it has all the resources to advance their technology during the Bronze and Iron Ages. The Vilabouly Complex and the region contained such mining sites such as Dragon Field, Peun Balo, Tengkham South D, Khanong A2, and the Malachite Cave. These sites all refer to the Iron Age but Peun Balo revealed mining in the Bronze Age continuing the predicament for Archaeologists. Research like this is vital for the Vilabouly Complex to find and understand the exact date to when the people of Southeast Asia are trading metals, and sharing mining techniques. There are also other sites in region such as the Prachan Valley that shared a lot of similarities to that of the Vilabouly Complex revealing continuities for the Southeast Asian people.
  • 290
  • 01 Nov 2022
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