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Topic Review
Livestock Management in Fire-Prone Shrublands of Atlantic Iberia
In the humid northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, large rural areas are being abandoned, mostly in less-favoured areas dominated by shrublands of low nutritive quality for livestock production. The high wildfire incidence has very negative environmental and economic effects. Aspects on wildfire occurrence and the potential of grazing livestock to reduce woody mass and fire risk whilst maintaining quality production and preserving biodiversity are summarized. Sustainable grazing systems are affordable in shrubland–grassland mosaics by selecting appropriate livestock species and breeds for quality production, thus favouring rural economies and lowering fire risk.
  • 290
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Environmental Nanotechnologies in Wastewater Treatment
Nanotechnologies (NTs) are nowadays well established on both private households and commercial markets. NTs are fully accepted in several sectors such as medicine and pharmacy, or in industry such as chemistry, electricity, food production, military, and other commercial branches due to their unique properties. With regard to the growing demands on environmental resources caused through still growing worldwide population, application of NTs is an extremely important new branch in the environmental sector delivering several advantages. The entry provides a comprehensive overview on current developments in environmental remediation, wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment and agriculture. More in detail, in the section environmental remediation, the application on NTs towards enhanced reductive dechlorination,  removal of heavy metals and remediation of oil spills were reviewed. Developments towards adsorption of heavy metals and persistent substances, advanced photocatalytic degradation of common wastewater pollutants, and improvements in membrane filtration processes were predominantely highlighted. On the one hand, nanotechnologies (NTs) refer to nanostructure techniques, such as nanolithography and nanomanipulation, but also to nanomaterials (NMs) on the other hand. NMs refer commonly to nanoparticles (NPs), nanotubes, nanofilms, and others. The engineered era of NTs combines different application sectors, including biological, biotechnological, chemical, medical, pharmaceutical, food and agriculture, environmental, electronic, material engineering, and other industrial processing technologies, and other branches.
  • 772
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Deep Learning-Based Change Detection
Change detection based on remote sensing images plays an important role in the field of remote sensing analysis, and it has been widely used in many areas, such as resources monitoring, urban planning, disaster assessment, etc. With the improved spatial resolution of remote sensing images, many deep learning methods have been proposed for aerial and satellite image change detection. Depending on the granularity of the detection unit, these methods can be roughly classified into two main categories : scene-level methods (SLCDs) and region-level methods (RLCDs). These two categories are not necessarily independent of each other, and sometimes, the same change detection process may be present in different methods simultaneously.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Nickel Laterite Deposit
Tectonic emplacement of variably serpentinized ultramafic host rock on land and subsequent chemical weathering under humid tropical to subtropical conditions results in the formation of nickel laterite deposits. Nickel laterites typically occur as weathering mantle over ophiolite complexes, as well as komatiites and layered complexes in Archean to Phanerozoic stable cratonic platforms.
  • 1.7K
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Agri-Environmental Indicators and Stakeholders’ Assessment of Their Quality
The degree to which economic goals have been prioritized over environmental and social objectives has caused dissatisfaction with conventional agricultural practices and stimulated the adoption of sustainable farming methods. One way to consider the multidimensionality of sustainable agriculture is to refer to indicators, more precisely, to agri-environmental indicators (AEIs). 
  • 421
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Diver-Based Optical Survey Techniques for Coral Monitoring
Monitoring the health of coral reefs is essential to understanding the damaging impacts of anthropogenic climate change as such non-invasive methods to survey coral reefs are the most desirable. Optics-based surveys, ranging from simple photography to multispectral satellite imaging are well established. The techniques are broadly separated by the primary method in which data are collected: by divers and/or robots directly within the environment or by remote sensing where data are captured above the water’s surface by planes, drones, or satellites.
  • 461
  • 01 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Intense Pasture Management in Brazil by DayCent Model
Process-based models (PBM) are important tools for understanding the benefits of Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems (ICLS), such as increasing land productivity and improving environmental conditions. PBM can provide insights into the contribution of agricultural production to climate change and help identify potential greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation and carbon sequestration options. Rehabilitation of degraded lands is a key strategy for achieving food security goals and can reduce the need for new agricultural land.
  • 474
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Freight Transport Decarbonization
Freight transport decarbonization is currently an urgent challenge. Decarbonization strategies have a specific time to take effect, and it is essential to consider their time dependence. The system dynamics approach is well suited to represent feedback, lagged responses, and the time dependence of decarbonization strategies. 
  • 668
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Permeation Increases Biofilm Development in Nanofiltration Membranes
Nutrient limitation has been proposed as a biofouling control strategy for membrane systems. However, the impact of permeation on biofilm development under phosphorus-limited and enriched conditions is poorly understood. The biofilm development is analyzed in membrane fouling simulators (MFSs) with and without permeation supplied with water varying dosed phosphorus concentrations (0 and 25 μg P·L-1). 
  • 262
  • 31 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Low-Level Jets in Heavy Rainfall in Taiwan
During the early summer rainy season over Taiwan, three types of low-level jets are observed, including a synoptic low-level jet (SLLJ) situated in the 850–700 hPa layer in the frontal zone, a marine boundary layer jet (MBLJ) embedded within the southwesterly monsoon flow over the northern South China Sea at approximately the 925 hPa level, and an orographically induced jet at approximately the 1 km level off the northwestern Taiwan coast (e.g., barrier jet (BJ)).
  • 547
  • 31 Mar 2022
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