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Topic Review
Chromium Deficiency
Chromium deficiency is described as the consequence of an insufficient dietary intake of the mineral chromium. Chromium was first proposed as an essential element for normal glucose metabolism in 1959, and was widely accepted as being such by the 1990s. Cases of deficiency were described in people who received all of their nutrition intravenously for long periods of time. The essentiality of chromium has been challenged. Whereas the authorities in the European Union do not recognize chromium as an essential nutrient, those in the United States do, and identify an adequate intake for adults as between 25 and 45 μg/day, depending on age and sex. Dietary supplements containing chromium are widely available in the United States, with claims for benefits for fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1C and weight loss. Reviews report the changes as modest, and without scientific consensus that the changes have a clinically relevant impact.
  • 529
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Microbial Biodegradation and Decolourization of Textile Dyes
Dyes are frequently applied to many substrates in edibles, cosmetics, paper, rubber, and products of textile industries. Microbial-based bioremediation of dyes effluent from wastewater is the most economical and reliable globally. Azo dyes are a valuable family of dyes with the most significant colour diversity. Microorganisms degrade azo dyes in anaerobic conditions with the assistance of azoreductase, resulting in colourless aromatic amines as a by-product. Broadly, dye-degrading microbes could be classified as actinomycetes, bacteria, fungi, and algae. Moreover, based on the nature of microbes and the pathway followed for degradation it could be again aerobic and anaerobic degraders.
  • 529
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Carbon Content in Biochar and GHG Emissions
Agricultural soils are a primary source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Biochar is commonly used as a soil amendment to prevent climate change by reducing GHG production, increasing soil carbon storage, improving soil moisture retention, and enhancing crop productivity. However, the effect of biochar’s carbon content under subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) has not been well studied.
  • 529
  • 24 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Environmental Valuation Research
Environmental valuation (EV) research has advanced significantly as a method of assigning value to environmental goods, many of which lack readily discernible market values. The term “environmental valuation” describes a number of methods for putting monetary values on environmental effects, particularly non-market effects. There has been a continuous increase in the number of publications on the topic. According to searches via the Scopus and Web of Science (WoS) databases, the phrase “environmental valuation” first occurred in 1987.
  • 529
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cyanobacteria-Derived Biofuel for Sustainable Future
Cyanobacteria are valuable sources of many novel bioactive compounds, such as lipids and natural dyes, with potential commercial implications. One of the advantages of cyanobacteria is that their biochemical constituents can be modified by altering the source of nutrients and growth conditions.
  • 529
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Sustainable Soil Health
Healthy soils are the foundation for meeting the increasing world population’s needs for food, fiber, nutrition, and healthy environment on a limited landmass further confounded by climate change grand challenge that requires multi-dimensional solutions.
  • 528
  • 23 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Sewage Sludge Management
One of the most pressing environmental problems worldwide is sewage sludge (SS) management. Every year, wastewater volume increases and thus, the amount of SS produced increases as well. The disposal of SS in landfills, as practiced in many countries, is not a sustainable solution. Instead, SS, rich in organic matter and other nutrients, can be used as an alternative soil additive or fertilizer. The properties of these materials depend on their chemical composition and the method of treatment. Experience from a number of countries, such as the US and Europe, has shown that SS can be transformed from waste into a valuable resource, provided that the final product fulfils the relevant regulatory standards. 
  • 528
  • 06 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Drought Monitoring and Forecasting across Turkey
Drought is the consequence of a significant decline in the hydrological variables such as precipitation, soil moisture, and streamflow that undesirably affects all living beings. There are various indices for drought monitoring and assessment that can identify the characteristics of drought, such as magnitude, severity, and duration. They are obtained from hydro-meteorological indicators, such as precipitation, temperature, runoff, soil moisture, reservoir storage, and groundwater level. Some indices are more appropriate than others for certain circumstances, such as the location of the study area, drought type, and availability of data. With the development of meteorological satellites and RS technology on the one hand and the emergence of data-mining techniques on the other hand, a lot of research has been conducted in the field of drought monitoring and forecasting (DMF) using these technologies. 
  • 528
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogen Addition
The addition of hydrogen in natural gas degrades over time the materials of transport and storage. This degradation depends on the ratio of hydrogen natural gas. After addition, several criteria need to be assessed: In the following, the hydrogen embrittlement (HE) effect on design, maintenance and surveillance of smooth and damaged gas pipes is presented.
  • 527
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Landscape Elements in the Lhasa Residential Area
Landscape elements have a direct impact on the thermal environment and have become an important means to improve the quality of life of residents. However, the selection and configuration of landscape elements have different effects on human thermal comfort under different climatic conditions. Lhasa is located in the middle of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, with an altitude of 3650 meters. Due to the particularity of its geographical location, the climate conditions in Lhasa are significantly different from those in Beijing, Xi'an, Lanzhou and other cities in the same climate area. At the same time, the local residents are mainly Tibetans. Religious culture and climate conditions have led to significant differences in the living habits and the needs for thermal comfort of local residents compared with those of residents in other cities. Therefore, researcher focuses on special climatic conditions, taking the typical residential areas in Lhasa, Tibet as the research object, in order to better understand the impact of residential landscape elements on the outdoor thermal environment and thermal comfort in the plateau cold climate area.
  • 527
  • 17 Jun 2022
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