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Topic Review
Computer Reservation System
A computer reservation system or central reservation system (CRS) is a computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or other activities. Originally designed and operated by airlines, CRSs were later extended for the use of travel agencies. Global distribution systems (GDS) book and sell tickets for multiple airlines. Most airlines have outsourced their CRSs to GDS companies, which also enable consumer access through Internet gateways. Modern GDS's typically allow users to book hotel rooms, rental cars, airline tickets as well as other activities and tours. They also provide access to railway reservations and bus reservations in some markets, although these are not always integrated with the main system. These are also used to relay computerized information for users in the hotel industry, making reservation and ensuring that the hotel is not overbooked. Airline reservations systems may be integrated into a larger passenger service system, which also includes an airline inventory system and a departure control system.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Computer-Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques (CAATT)
Computer-Assisted Audit Tools and Techniques (CAATTs) have been generally referred to as technology that assists in audit task completion. There is minimal level of use of CAATTs in developing nations regardless of their importance to audit productivity and cost reduction, and this holds particularly true in the public sector entities’ internal audit departments. 
  • 2.1K
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Concept of the Robo-Advisor with Digital Twin
The term “digital twin” (DT) refers to a digital representation of an individual that has the capability of integrating any digital data with virtually real-time data and generating advanced analytics for feedback, recommendation, and alternative solutions for users. 
  • 789
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Conceptual Background and Relationships between SR and MCS
The movement for corporate sustainability reporting (SR) came into the spotlight in the middle of the 1990s when the South African first king code of corporate governance, widely known as the “King I” report, was published. The focus of SR is on value creation through intellectual, human, social, and natural capitals. In order to ensure that sustainable value creation is connected to the different types of capital, companies need to manage and control for such value creation. This point emphasises the link between value creation and management control systems (MCS).
  • 407
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Conceptual Economy
Conceptual economy is a term describing the contribution of creativity, innovation, and design skills to economic competitiveness, especially in the global context.
  • 331
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Conceptual Overview of Energy Security
In a dynamically changing socio-economic environment with significant technical and technological progress, the notion of energy security takes on a new, broader meaning. Modern literature presents a variety of operational definitions of energy security. Most authors dealing with the issue of energy security expose its different aspects while standing in opposition to competing concepts. As a result, literature that addresses the problems of energy policy is becoming a platform for debates on the essence of energy security and the applicability of its various approaches to individual situations. There is no unanimity among authors with regard to the theoretical framework or the components of this notion. However, the issue of diversity of views is quite typical in social sciences and should not be taken negatively. Despite this, and perhaps contrary to the definitional wealth, experts in the field of energy policy constantly stress the necessity and urgency of undertaking work on the conceptualization of energy security.
  • 481
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Conceptualization of the Migration Phenomenon
The migration process has become particularly important for Romania in the last 20 years, and its socio-economic, political and cultural effects affect the Romanian state. That is why flexible policies are needed in order to be coherent, to have as main purpose keeping specialists in the country in certain basic economic fields, as well to implement measures to determine the return of specialists and students who have left to study abroad.
  • 1.6K
  • 14 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Conceptualizing Future Generations as Stakeholders
Many investors think in terms of MSV (maximization of the shareholder value) and fail to consider other important stakeholders. Future generations will “inherit” the results of the actions of current generations. Investing money in some lucrative ideas is definitely a very important financial activity, but it must be done responsibly. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) postulated by the UN; the Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) criteria; and the Equator Principles are some notions proposed to be considered to make investors’ actions more responsible. Future generations deserve a better, safer, and unwasted place to live in, so it is the right time to start thinking of them as major stakeholders.
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Conditional Frontier Analysis (DEA)
Conditional Frontier Analysis is part of the Nonparametric Robust Estimators proposed to overcome some drawbacks in the traditional Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Free Disposal Hull (FDH) measures for the technical efficiency. In special, this methodology extends the nonparametric input/output production technology to robustly account for extreme values or outliers in the data, and allow measuring the effect of external environmental variables on the efficiency of Decision Making Units (DMUs). 
  • 931
  • 01 May 2021
Topic Review
Conditional Value at Risk
The core model in this paper, “CoVaR”, is an abbreviation for “Conditional Value at Risk”, which has been increasingly applied in the field of systemic risk and can be used for analyzing the systemic risk in different perspectives.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
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