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Topic Review
Click Farm
A click farm is a form of click fraud, where a large group of low-paid workers are hired to click on paid advertising links for the click fraudster (click farm master or click farmer). The workers click the links, surf the target website for a period of time, and possibly sign up for newsletters prior to clicking another link. For many of these workers, clicking on enough ads per day may increase their revenue substantially and may also be an alternative to other types of work. It is extremely difficult for an automated filter to detect this simulated traffic as fake because the visitor behavior appears exactly the same as that of an actual legitimate visitor. Fake likes generating from click farms are essentially different from those arising from bots where computer programs are written by software experts. To deal with such issues, companies such as Facebook are trying to create algorithms that seek to wipe out accounts with unusual activity (e.g. liking too many pages in a short period of time).
  • 479
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Digital Marketing Enhancement of Cryptocurrency Websites
Today, more than ever, the popularity of decentralized payment systems has risen, creating an outbreak of new cryptocurrencies hitting the market. Unique websites have been staged for each cryptocurrency, where information and means for mining cryptocurrencies are available daily. People visit those cryptocurrency websites either from desktop or mobile devices. Thus, the impulsion for appropriate promotion of cryptocurrency websites and customer factors affecting it rises. The above process increases cryptocurrency organizations’ website visibility, raising the need for customer relationships and satisfaction optimization concerning organizations’ supply chain strategy.
  • 476
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
The Achievement of Frugal Innovation
Digital platforms mediate the association between the IoT and frugal innovation. Furthermore, organizational readiness also moderates on the association between digital platforms and frugal innovation. Only those businesses that update their business operations according to the needs of their customers can achieve success. Frugal innovation is an emerging concept, and its achievement is a very tricky and complex task. Only those businesses that update their business operations using the IoT and digital platforms can achieve success. Moreover, modern SMEs should be able to adapt to the required changes in their business activities. Hence, SMEs also require some strategic changes in their operations in order to cope with changing business circumstances. 
  • 473
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Competition (Companies)
Company competition, or competitiveness, pertains to the ability and performance of a firm, sub-sector or country to sell and supply goods and services in a given market, in relation to the ability and performance of other firms, sub-sectors or countries in the same market. It involves one company trying to figure out how to take away market share from another company.
  • 472
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Impact of Environmental Uncertainty on Corporate Innovation
Innovation activity is a long-term investment activity with long cycles and high risk. When the external environment situation is serious, enterprises, in order to deal with emergencies that may result from environmental uncertainty, based on preventive motivation, usually tend to choose conservative investment strategies, reduce the capital of innovative investment, and maintain a high free cash flow to deal with market shocks and fierce market competition and ease the pressure of survival. 
  • 472
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Food Waste Management Practices
Although food waste management has been significant for all stakeholders from all industries globally, research in hospitality food waste management and practices still needs to be further studied, especially in five-star hotels in developing countries. Using the Food Waste Hierarchy, this research proposes to contribute to the knowledge of sustainable food waste management and practices in five medium and large five-star hotels to promote the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
  • 471
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Nature Positive in Business
The concept of nature positive has recently emerged from the widespread recognition of the global scale at which nature is being lost and the threat this poses to the collective survival of the human race. Much of the interest in nature positive reflects the initial commitment to it by conservation organisations and by a number of international political initiatives. However, the pursuit of nature positive approaches by businesses has received little attention in the business and management literature. Building upon an analysis of secondary sources, this entry paper first examines how three international organisations suggest a nature positive strategy could be pursued. This paper then focuses on two multinational companies and how they plan to pursue a nature positive approach to their business activities. This article identifies a number of critical factors in developing a nature positive strategy: incorporating suppliers in this strategy, assessing corporate dependencies and impacts on nature, and reporting on nature positive initiatives and outcomes. At the same time, this article raises concerns that nature positive approaches could be driven more by business imperatives rather than fundamental corporate concerns about biodiversity and that many business commitments to nature positive could be seen as mainly aspirational.
  • 471
  • 06 May 2024
Topic Review
Innovative Energy Technologies in Road Transport
The problem of innovative energy technologies in road transport is of considerable importance. The number of cars is growing from year to year, resulting in increasing environmental pollution, while deposits of fossil fuels are being depleted.
  • 470
  • 16 Sep 2022
Topic Review
GHG Emissions in EU Countries
Economic activity leads to an increase in the thermal pollution of the atmosphere. The increasing concentration of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions enhances the natural greenhouse effect and determines the increase in global air temperature. The reduction of GHG emissions is one of the priorities of the EU countries. The majority of studies show that financial support and environmental taxes are one of the most effective measures for the mitigation of the negative consequences of climate change. The EU countries employ different environmental support measures and environmental taxes to reduce GHG emissions.
  • 470
  • 21 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Management System (Open Source)
Management System (Open Source) is a socio-technical system that leverages the cumulative knowledge of management practitioners and evidenced based research from the past 130 years. The system was developed by DoD components in partnership with industry experts and academic researchers and builds off of the US Department of Wars version 1.0 open source management system - Training Within Industry. The system integrates the four organizational components of Product, Structure, Process and People. In addition, the system is based on the 4 capabilities of rapid problem solving underlying the Toyota Production System: Derived from the original research of Steven J. Spear (Harvard Business School, Massachusetts Institute for Technology), the system balances the two dimensions of high performing organizations: integrate the whole (product, structure, process & people); and increase the rate of problem solving to manage the whole (4 capabilities outlined above). Fundamentally, the system sets the standards of management by outlining a doctrine of rules, tactics, techniques, procedures & terms. The standards are intended to motivate change by creating a tension between the organization's "current condition" and the "ideal condition" (i.e. True North). The objective of the system is to deliver more value, in less time, at less cost relative to the competition (better, faster, cheaper). For the DoD, competition is defined by the threats posed by current and potential adversaries.
  • 468
  • 02 Oct 2022
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