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Topic Review
Measuring the Efficiency of Energy and Carbon Emissions
The International Energy Agency (IEA, 2013) believes that energy efficiency should be taken as the first fuel rather than a hidden fuel and regards it as “a key tool for boosting economic and social development. From an economic perspective, efficiency is defined as the full and most efficient use of limited and scarce resources to satisfy people’s wants and needs given the technology, that is, produce more with less. If there is no way to make someone better off and nobody worse off, then the situation is Pareto efficient. Extending this concept to production economics, a 100% Pareto–Koopmans efficiency is achieved if and only if no inputs or outputs of any decision-making unit (DMU) can be improved without worsening the other inputs or outputs. However, in most management and social science applications, the theoretically possible Pareto efficiency is unknown. Therefore, it is replaced by relative efficiency, which is fully efficient if and only if other DMUs cannot improve inputs or outputs without worsening some of its other inputs or outputs on the basis of empirically available evidence. In this case, measuring production efficiency is actually evaluating whether there is waste of input by comparing the minimum input with the actual input while the output is unchanged or evaluating whether there is an output shortage by comparing the actual output with the maximum output with the input unchanged.
  • 524
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Unemployment Benefits
Unemployment benefits (depending on the jurisdiction also called unemployment insurance or unemployment compensation) are payments made by back authorized bodies to unemployed people. In the United States, benefits are funded by a compulsory governmental insurance system, not taxes on individual citizens. Depending on the jurisdiction and the status of the person, those sums may be small, covering only basic needs, or may compensate the lost time proportionally to the previous earned salary. Unemployment benefits are generally given only to those registering as unemployed, and often on conditions ensuring that they seek work and do not currently have a job, and are validated as being laid off and not fired for cause in most states.
  • 525
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
PledgeMusic
PledgeMusic is an online direct-to-fan music platform, launched in August 2009, that facilitates musicians reaching out to their fanbase (termed Pledgers) to pre-sell, market, and distribute music projects including recordings, music videos, and concerts. Broadly speaking it bears some similarities to such platforms as ArtistShare, Kickstarter, Indiegogo, Patreon, RocketHub and Sellaband.
  • 524
  • 08 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Agro-Food Consumption
Sustainable agro-food consumption is a model intended to conserve the resources of today for future need. Consumers play a crucial role in transitioning towards sustainable food consumption, as they judge the attributes of products on the market and are the final decision-makers when it comes to changing consumption habits. Consequently, investigations on agro-food consumption from consumers’ perspectives are of great value.
  • 524
  • 07 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Driving Factors for R&D Intensity
Research and development (R&D) has long been recognized as an important component of sustainable development, with a key role in the combatting of climate change. Moreover, R&D activity is increasingly acknowledged as an important contributing factor to global post-pandemic economic recovery. However, little is known about the determinants of R&D intensity (the share of R&D expenditure in GDP) and countries have repeatedly missed their set targets for this indicator. 
  • 524
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Transformation of Business Process Manager Profession
The increasing role of emerging technologies, such as big data, the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence (AI), cognitive technologies, cloud computing, and mobile technologies, is essential to the business process manager profession’s sustainable development.  Nevertheless, these technologies could involve new challenges in labor markets.
  • 524
  • 11 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Logistics Service Supply Chain
In the logistics industry, there are great differences in the scope and depth of services that enterprises can provide. Functional logistics service providers are often able to provide one or more professional basic logistics services functions, such as packaging, warehousing, and distribution. However, basic logistics service capabilities are highly substitutable, and due to a lack of information and resource advantages, it is difficult to achieve a good supply and demand match. Logistics service integrators usually refer to large-scale enterprises with resource integration advantages that can integrate the service capabilities of multiple upstream providers. The logistics service supply chain consists of logistics service integrators and logistics service providers, among which the integrators can jointly establish a logistics network with the providers through business subcontracting.
  • 524
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Spoofing
Spoofing is a disruptive algorithmic trading activity employed by traders to outpace other market participants and to manipulate markets. Spoofers feign interest in trading futures, stocks and other products in financial markets creating an illusion of the demand and supply of the traded asset. In an order driven market, spoofers post a relatively large number of limit orders on one side of the limit order book to make other market participants believe that there is pressure to sell (limit orders are posted on the offer side of the book) or to buy (limit orders are posted on the bid side of the book) the asset. Spoofing may cause prices to change because the market interprets the one-sided pressure in the limit order book as a shift in the balance of the number of investors who wish to purchase or sell the asset, which causes prices to increase (more buyers than sellers) or prices to decline (more sellers than buyers). Spoofers bid or offer with intent to cancel before the orders are filled. The flurry of activity around the buy or sell orders is intended to attract other traders to induce a particular market reaction. Spoofing can be a factor in the rise and fall of the price of shares and can be very profitable to the spoofer who can time buying and selling based on this manipulation. Under the 2010 Dodd–Frank Act spoofing is defined as "the illegal practice of bidding or offering with intent to cancel before execution." Spoofing can be used with layering algorithms and front-running, activities which are also illegal. High-frequency trading, the primary form of algorithmic trading used in financial markets is very profitable as it deals in high volumes of transactions. The five-year delay in arresting the lone spoofer, Navinder Singh Sarao, accused of exacerbating the 2010 Flash Crash—one of the most turbulent periods in the history of financial markets—has placed the self-regulatory bodies such as the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and Chicago Mercantile Exchange & Chicago Board of Trade under scrutiny. The CME was described as being in a "massively conflicted" position as they make huge profits from the HFT and algorithmic trading.
  • 523
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Construction and Housing Prices
Studies on the housing market often focus on understanding the dynamics of housing demand, while investigations into the supply side, particularly construction costs, have received relatively less attention.
  • 523
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Ebidding
An ‘‘‘electronic bidding system ‘‘‘ is an electronic bidding event (without awarding commitment) according to defined negotiation rules (eAgreement). A buyer and two or more suppliers take part in this online event.
  • 522
  • 16 Nov 2022
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