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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Recruiting Doctoral Students: Getting It Right for All Involved
This entry explores the different ways in which students are accepted onto doctoral degrees such as PhDs and professional doctorates. The processes involved are referred to in this entry, and in much of the policy-related and research-informed literature, as “recruitment and selection”. These processes are worthy of attention given that they are high stakes for students themselves, those who guide and advise them, known as academic “supervisors”, and for academic communities more broadly. The entry acknowledges that recruitment and selection processes differ between institutions and across geographical contexts. The entry draws upon research studies and policy documents which relate to recruitment and selection practices from local, national and international contexts.
  • 334
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Supporting Doctoral Students in Crisis
A doctoral student is one undertaking the highest level of university study, leading to a doctoral qualification (of which the traditional and most common form is the PhD), that typically requires they demonstrate a significant contribution to knowledge and their own preparedness to undertake independent research. Crisis in this entry is taken to be a time of great difficulty or a time when a difficult or important decision must be made. In the context of doctoral students, a crisis often brings a threat to the completion of the doctorate.
  • 573
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bioethanol for Cooking
Bioethanol has been identified by the academic literature and in the development community as a promising clean fuel to replace charcoal. Bioethanol is one of the cooking fuels considered to be clean based on the 2014 WHO guidelines, which aim to reduce the health risks associated with exposure to indoor air pollution from household fuel combustion. 
  • 980
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Liminality as a Theoretical Tool in Historic Cities
The methods of urban revitalisation in historic cities may include several approaches, from mere preservation to physical intervention or a combination of both. Since Middle Eastern historic cities exist as a transitional phenomenon, spatial liminality is identified as an epistemological tool for their investigation. 
  • 282
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Employee Involvement in Sustainability Projects in Emergent Markets
Without a doubt, encouraging the behavior of employees in relation to sustainability is one of the most effective tactics that organizations can use to attain their sustainability goals. It is critical that employees take part in sustainability projects in order for organizations to be successful.
  • 188
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Documenting Children’s Spatial Reasoning through Art
Spatial reasoning is the understanding of how both people and objects interact with, and relate to, one another. This entry examines how children’s art can document emergent sensemaking of spatial reasoning.
  • 260
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Internet of Things in Smart Cities
The widespread diffusion of internet-based information communication technologies (ICT) has profoundly impacted city governance, thereby leading to higher energy efficiency, green production, and sustainable development. On the other hand, the spatial effect of these digital technologies has attracted extensive discussion. Digital technology has revolutionized the methods and the cost of information transmission, enabling a massive amount of information to be accessed without time and distance constraints.
  • 170
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Features, Topics, and Barriers in Scientific Collaboration
Collaboration is defined as “a joint effort towards a common goal”. Collaboration drives complexity in organizational problems and is the key to innovation at the intra- and inter-organizational levels. Exploring scientific collaboration in large groups implies exploring human, social, and organizational factors.
  • 248
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Conflict Between Humans and Urban Coyotes
Coyotes live in most major cities across North and Central America. As their habitat shrinks, human–coyote interactions increase, spurring debate about how to respond. Residents often fear coyotes and want extermination, but scientists argue they are a permanent fixture that play a vital ecosystem role and that eradicating them does not work and has negative impacts. Instead, ecologists argue that residents need to change their behavior to coexist with coyotes. Human–coyote sightings and interactions are becoming more frequent in urban areas across North and Central America. While many species have lost territory, the coyote range has expanded. Relatively recently, ecologists have coalesced around the idea that coexistence is the most promising avenue to reduce human–coyote conflict in urban areas. Despite this, calls for the eradication of coyotes continue. 
  • 350
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Social Media Marketing and Bank Loyalty of Customers
E-marketing has impacted customers’ bank loyalty regarding its online services, and the role of social media marketing has remained very important to enhancing customer-based loyalty. 
  • 284
  • 18 Oct 2023
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