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Topic Review
Post-WWII Anti-fascism
Antifa movements (/ænˈtiːfə, ˈæntiˌfɑː/) and Anti-Fascist Action networks are left wing, often anarchist, extra-parliamentary and often violent political movements that describe themselves as anti-fascist. Such movements have been active in several countries in the second half of the 20th and early 21st century.
  • 2.5K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Postal Censorship
Postal censorship is the inspection or examination of mail, most often by governments. It can include opening, reading and total or selective obliteration of letters and their contents, as well as covers, postcards, parcels and other postal packets. Postal censorship takes place primarily but not exclusively during wartime (even though the nation concerned may not be at war, e.g. Ireland during 1939–1945) and periods of unrest, and occasionally at other times, such as periods of civil disorder or of a state of emergency. Both covert and overt postal censorship have occurred. Historically, postal censorship is an ancient practice; it is usually linked to espionage and intelligence gathering. Both civilian mail and military mail may be subject to censorship, and often different organisations perform censorship of these types of mail. In 20th-century wars the objectives of postal censorship encompassed economic warfare, security and intelligence. The study of postal censorship is a philatelic topic of postal history.
  • 1.8K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Postmodernity
Postmodernity, a complex and multidimensional concept within social theory, denotes a cultural, intellectual, and societal shift characterized by a departure from modernist ideals. It challenges the grand narratives and metanarratives of modernism, emphasizing fragmentation, ambiguity, and the rejection of absolute truths. Postmodernity encompasses diverse perspectives and rejects overarching certainties, embracing a more fluid and context-dependent understanding of reality.
  • 369
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Potential Effects of Time Pressure on Intelligence Tests
Intelligence tests are often performed under time constraints for practical reasons, but the effects of time pressure on reasoning performance are poorly understood. A brief review of major expected effects of time pressure is presented herein, which includes forcing participants to skip items, convoking a mental speed factor, constraining response times, qualitatively altering cognitive processing, affecting anxiety and motivation, and interacting with individual differences. 
  • 876
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Poverty
Poverty is a socio-economic condition characterized by the lack of essential resources and opportunities needed to maintain a basic standard of living. Individuals or communities experiencing poverty often face challenges in accessing necessities such as adequate nutrition, shelter, education, and healthcare, perpetuating a cycle of deprivation and limited social mobility. The measurement and understanding of poverty encompass various indicators, including income levels, employment opportunities, and overall well-being, and addressing poverty typically involves multidimensional interventions aimed at improving economic and social conditions.
  • 262
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Power (International Relations)
Power in international relations is defined in several different ways. Modern discourse generally speaks in terms of state power, indicating both economic and military power. Those states that have significant amounts of power within the international system are referred to as small powers, middle powers, regional powers, great powers, superpowers, or hegemons, although there is no commonly accepted standard for what defines a powerful state. NATO Quint, the G7, the BRICS nations and the G20 are seen by academics as forms of governments that exercise varying degrees of influence within the international system. Entities other than states can also be relevant in power acquisition in international relations. Such entities can include multilateral international organizations, military alliance organizations like NATO, multinational corporations like Wal-Mart, non-governmental organizations such as the Roman Catholic Church, or other institutions such as the Hanseatic League and technology companies like Facebook and Google.
  • 6.7K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Power (Social and Political)
In social science and politics, power is the capacity of an individual to influence the actions, beliefs, or conduct (behaviour) of others. The term "authority" is often used for power that is perceived as legitimate by the social structure. Power can be seen as evil or unjust. However, power can also be seen as good and as something inherited or given for exercising humanistic objectives that will help, move, and empower others as well. In general, it is derived by the factors of interdependence between two entities and the environment. In business, the ethical instrumentality of power is achievement, and as such it is a zero-sum game. In simple terms it can be expressed as being "upward" or "downward". With downward power, a company's superior influences subordinates for attaining organizational goals. When a company exerts upward power, it is the subordinates who influence the decisions of their leader or leaders. The use of power need not involve force or the threat of force (coercion). An example of using power without oppression is the concept "soft power," as compared to hard power. Much of the recent sociological debate about power revolves around the issue of its means to enable – in other words, power as a means to make social actions possible as much as it may constrain or prevent them.
  • 18.3K
  • 12 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Power (Social)
Power, in a social context, refers to the ability of an individual, group, or institution to influence or control the behavior, decisions, and actions of others. It often manifests in various forms, including political, economic, and social power, and is a dynamic force that shapes relationships and structures within societies. The possession of power grants the capacity to enforce one's will, make decisions, and shape the course of events, playing a central role in the dynamics of governance, social interactions, and institutional structures.
  • 207
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Power Posing
Power posing is a controversial self-improvement technique or "life hack" in which people stand in a posture that they mentally associate with being powerful, in the hope of feeling and behaving more assertively. Though the underlying science is strongly disputed, its promoters continue to argue that people can foster positive life changes simply by assuming a "powerful" or "expansive" posture for a few minutes before an interaction in which confidence is needed. One popular image of the technique in practice is that of candidates "lock[ing] themselves in bathroom stalls before job interviews to make victory V's with their arms." Power posing was first suggested in a 2010 paper by Dana R. Carney, Amy Cuddy, and Andy Yap in the journal Psychological Science, and came to prominence through a popular TED talk by Cuddy in 2012. However, in 2015 several researchers began reporting that the effect could not be replicated, and, in 2016, Carney issued a statement abandoning the theory. Cuddy, however, continued her research, claiming to have evidence that posture feedback can at least make people feel more powerful. Today, power posing is often cited as an example of the replication crisis in the sciences.
  • 724
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
PPE in Designing Public Parks
Public participation exercise (PPE) is defined as citizen participation and implies the involvement of citizens in a wide range of policymaking activities. These include the determination of levels of service, budget priorities, and the acceptability of physical construction projects in order to orient government programmes toward community needs, build public support, and encourage a sense of cohesiveness within neighbourhoods.
  • 620
  • 11 Nov 2021
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