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Topic Review
Flour Rise in Italian Lockdown and Consumption
The lockdown imposed on Italian citizens in 2020 because of the COVID-19 pandemic allowed for unprecedented scenarios regarding consumption activities. While it may be predictable that there was an increase in purchasing through digital channels—even of basic consumer goods—some product categories are of particular interest considering the general situation: the unprecedented context of forced domestic confinement and the psychological state of the population confronted with a situation that was as unexpected as it was new and disarming.
  • 259
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Flow (Psychology)
In positive psychology, a flow state, also known colloquially as being in the zone, is the mental state in which a person performing some activity is fully immersed in a feeling of energized focus, full involvement, and enjoyment in the process of the activity. In essence, flow is characterized by the complete absorption in what one does, and a resulting transformation in one's sense of time. Named by the psychologist Mihály Csíkszentmihályi in 1975, the concept has been widely referred to across a variety of fields (and is particularly well recognized in occupational therapy), though the concept has been claimed to have existed for thousands of years under other names. The flow state shares many characteristics with hyperfocus. However, hyperfocus is not always described in a positive light. Some examples include spending "too much" time playing video games or becoming pleasurably absorbed by one aspect of an assignment or task to the detriment of the overall assignment. In some cases, hyperfocus can "capture" a person, perhaps causing them to appear unfocused or to start several projects, but complete few. Hyperfocus is often mentioned "in the context of autism, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder- conditions that have consequences on attentional abilities."
  • 1.4K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Flow Experiences and Virtual Tourism
Virtual technology has brought new development opportunities to the tourism market and is expected to help the tourism industry cope with the challenges issuing from the COVID-19 pandemic. Flow experiences can make tourists more optimistic about virtual tourism technology, reduce tourists’ technical discomfort, and enhance tourists’ perceptions of usefulness and ease of use. 
  • 496
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Flynn Effect
The Flynn effect is the substantial and long-sustained increase in both fluid and crystallized intelligence test scores that were measured in many parts of the world over the 20th century. When intelligence quotient (IQ) tests are initially standardized using a sample of test-takers, by convention the average of the test results is set to 100 and their standard deviation is set to 15 or 16 IQ points. When IQ tests are revised, they are again standardized using a new sample of test-takers, usually born more recently than the first. Again, the average result is set to 100. However, when the new test subjects take the older tests, in almost every case their average scores are significantly above 100. Test score increases have been continuous and approximately linear from the earliest years of testing to the present. For example, a study published in the year 2009 found that British children's average scores on the Raven's Progressive Matrices test rose by 14 IQ points from 1942 to 2008. Similar gains have been observed in many other countries in which IQ testing has long been widely used, including other Western European countries, Japan, and South Korea. There are numerous proposed explanations of the Flynn effect, as well as some skepticism about its implications. Similar improvements have been reported for semantic and episodic memory. Some research suggests that there may be an ongoing reversed Flynn effect, i.e. a decline in IQ scores, in Norway, Denmark, Australia, Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, Finland, and German-speaking countries, a development which appears to have started in the 1990s, but in certain cases an apparent reversal is due to cultural changes making parts of intelligence tests obsolete. Meta-analyses indicate that overall, the Flynn effect continues either at the same rate or at a slower rate in developed countries.
  • 1.4K
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
FNIRS application in Parkinson’s Disease
The management of people affected by neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, requires the adoption of targeted and cost-effective interventions to cope with chronicity. Although therapy adaptation and rehabilitation represent major targets, affordable and reliable neurophysiological correlates of cerebral activity to be used throughout treatment stages are often lacking. The functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) represents a versatile optical neuroimaging technology for investigating cortical hemodynamic activity in the most common chronic neurological conditions, including Parkinson's disease, with the advantages of non-invasiveness and portability which make fNIRS suitable for carrying out multiple measurements in rehabilitation settings.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Focused-Attention Meditation
Focused-Attention Meditation emphasizes concentration and requires that you try to focus on mental and sensory activities such as feeling the breath, repeating words (mantras), and imagining images without any interference of thoughts and feelings. Focused-Attention Meditation means focusing your attention on something in the present moment, such as a sound (birdsong), an image (the ocean), an action (breathing), reaching a state of ecstasy.
  • 664
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Food and Nutrition Insecurity
Food and nutrition insecurity means low resilience on food nutrition Security Indicators according to Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis (RIMA) outlined in FAO 2016.
  • 502
  • 17 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Food Delivery Couriers and Urban Public Space
Food delivery couriers are a new type of worker created in modern cities within the background of a sharing economy. As a form of gig worker, they shuttle through the streets and take charge of order distribution for digital labor platforms. Food delivery couriers use the atriums and streets of their community neighborhood as their places of work and rest, occupying the public spaces that belonged to the original residents. Additionally, this phenomenon sets off a chain reaction which not only creates conflicts with the activities and passage of residents, creating time–space interlinkages, but also exerts profound influence on the economic and population structure of the region. 
  • 750
  • 09 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Food Deserts
Food deserts means parts of the city where poor accessibility has been identified.
  • 547
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Food Heritage
The entry explores the concept of food heritage, focusing mainly on the anthropological, geographical, and sociological debate. Although the review identifies some conceptualisations that frame heritage in the food and gastronomic domains, it also shows the high degree of fragmentation of the debate. In so doing, it sheds light on how the concept of food heritage from a theoretical point of view is still in progress.
  • 5.5K
  • 02 Feb 2022
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