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Topic Review
Diversity Jurisdiction
In the law of the United States, diversity jurisdiction is a form of subject-matter jurisdiction in civil procedure in which a United States district court in the federal judiciary has the power to hear a civil case when the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000 and where the persons that are parties are "diverse" in citizenship or state of incorporation (for corporations being legal persons), which generally indicates that they differ in state and/or nationality. Diversity jurisdiction and federal-question jurisdiction (jurisdiction over issues arising under federal law) constitute the two primary categories of subject matter jurisdiction in U.S. federal courts. The United States Constitution, in Article III, § 2, gives the Congress the power to permit federal courts to hear diversity cases through legislation authorizing such jurisdiction. The provision was included because the Framers of the Constitution were concerned that when a case is filed in one state, and it involves parties from that state and another state, the state court might be biased toward the party from that state. Congress first exercised that power and granted federal trial circuit courts diversity jurisdiction in the Judiciary Act of 1789. Diversity jurisdiction is currently codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1332. In 1969, the American Law Institute explained in a 587-page analysis of the subject that diversity is the "most controversial" type of federal jurisdiction, because it "lays bare fundamental issues regarding the nature and operation of our federal union".
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Gender Gap in Academic Self-Concept
Using a combination of creative music workshops and gaming. A Widening Participation project.  Ornette D Clennon, Hannah R Wilson, Dana Baker Cerda, Janice Brown and Yolanta Boti We worked with year 5 and year 6 children (aged 8-10yrs) from two local primary schools (N=94) and two local care homes in Crewe, in the UK. We conducted quasi experimental mixed mode research on an intergenerational Widening Participation project that used creative music sessions. We used the Attitudes to Higher Education Questionnaire (AHEQ) developed by Pam Maras and the ‘Map of Me’ graffiti chart developed by Ornette D Clennon to measure and track the children’s changed attitudes towards Higher Education as a result of the creative music interventions. We found that despite the apparent creative freedom given to our cohorts in terms of negotiating their own learning outcomes in the creative music sessions, the boys (n=43) still lagged far behind their female counterparts (n=51) when it came to their attitudes towards Higher Education and academic self-image. However, the post-intervention data did point towards the boys’ preference for gaming as a form of social and collaborative learning, which led us to write a brief Appreciative Inquiry into the intervention we could have run had we known this from the start.
  • 1.2K
  • 25 May 2022
Topic Review
Women Sustainable Entrepreneurship
Sustainability is a concept that tries to represent the balance between three different factors: the environment, equity and the economy. This concept is based on the fact that resources are finite and that they should be conserved and utilized wisely with a definition that prioritizes a long-term approach.
  • 1.2K
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Westfailure
In 1999, international relations scholar Susan Strange introduced the term Westfailure in her posthumously published article entitled The Westfailure System. The term Westfailure is a portmanteau (West + failure) and a pun on the term Westphalian system. Commonly used in international politics, the Westphalian system refers to the system of state sovereignty that emerged from treaties signed during the 1648 Peace of Westphalia. Strange describes the Westphalian system as one that perpetuates non-intervention, the universal recognition of state sovereignty, and the "legitimate use of violence within a given territory." Put simply, the Westphalian system promotes a system where each individual state has the inalienable authority to govern their own internal affairs (laws, market, resources, etc.) without interference from other states or non-governmental actors. The principal aim of Strange's article is to highlight how this system of international governance is failing and does not "satisfy the long-term conditions of sustainability."
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Trust in Science and COVID-19
In this entry, trust in science is defined as the reliance, confidence, and dependence on science to understand scientific information. With the outbreak of, and the uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, turning towards science and trusting the specialized knowledge of experts is of particular importance during this period.
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Sustainability Assessment Methodologies
Sustainability assessment tools were the most commonly applied methodologies towards measuring sustainability performance. There are a number of assessment tools and techniques for sustainable development.
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
2010 Gang Rapes in Cleveland, Texas
The 2010 gang rapes in Cleveland, Texas were a series of acts of sexual violence committed by a group of adult men and teenage boys on an underage girl in the town of Cleveland, in Texas , USA.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sustaining Cyber Security Protection through SETA Implementation
It is undeniable that most business organizations rely on the Internet to conduct their highly competitive businesses nowadays. Cyber security is one of the important elements for companies to guarantee the normal operation of their business activities. Security education, training, and awareness (SETA) training cover many aspects, which can comprehensively improve staff’s ability of cyber security.
  • 1.2K
  • 03 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Definition and Mechanistic Description of Urban-Rural Integration Development
Urban-rural integration has been found to be an inevitable trend in the development of urban-rural relations and a vital measure to tackle the unbalanced and uncoordinated development between urban and rural areas. The urban–rural relationship is a vital issue in human social development and has aroused wide attention from scholars worldwide. Urban-rural integration is an advanced stage in the development of urban-rural relations and reflects the evolution of urban-rural relations, which can be traced back to the urban-rural development concept of the ideal socialists.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Developing Resilience to Disinformation through Media Literacy Programs
Disinformation and false information, often referred to as fake news do not constitute a novel phenomenon. Media literacy initiatives to enable the general public to critically evaluate media messages formally date back to UNESCO’s declaration of 1982, known as the Grünwald Declaration on Media Education. More recently (2020), UNESCO reiterated its position, drawing attention that in the age of ‘post-truth’, ‘fake news’ and ‘alternative facts’ disinformation and misinformation can and should be countered through media and information literacy (MIL) programs.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 May 2022
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